Editing Mass of Paul VI (section)

==History==

=== Background ===

==== Liturgical Movement ====
The [[Liturgical Movement]] of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which arose from the work of Dom [[Prosper Guéranger]], a former abbot of [[Solesmes Abbey]], encouraged the laity to live the liturgy by attending services (not only Mass) often, understanding what they meant, and following the priest in heart and mind.

==== Beginnings of the modern revision, 1948–1962 ====
{{Main|Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII}}

Liturgical reforms took place under Pius XII, specially in 1955, when the liturgy of [[Holy Week]] was reformed.<ref name="AB HW">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Aaron |title=Holy Weeks Past and Present |journal=Adoremus Bulletin |date=March 2021 |volume=XXVI |issue=5 |url=https://adoremus.org/2021/03/holy-weeks-past-and-present/ |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

===Vatican II, {{lang|la|Sacrosanctum Concilium}}, and a revised liturgy===
The liturgy was the first matter considered by the [[Second Vatican Council]] of 1962–1965. On 4 December 1963, the Council issued a Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy known as {{lang|la|[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]}}, section 50 of which read as follows:

{{blockquote|The rite of the Mass is to be revised in such a way that the intrinsic nature and purpose of its several parts, as also the connection between them, may be more clearly manifested, and that devout and active participation by the faithful may be more easily achieved.

For this purpose the rites are to be simplified, due care being taken to preserve their substance; elements which, with the passage of time, came to be duplicated, or were added with but little advantage, are now to be discarded; other elements which have suffered injury through accidents of history are now to be restored to the vigor which they had in the days of the holy Fathers, as may seem useful or necessary.<ref name="vatican1">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>}}

{{lang|la|Sacrosanctum Concilium}} further provided that (amongst other things) a greater use of the [[Catholic Bible|Scriptures]] should be made at Mass, [[communion under both kinds]] for the [[Catholic laity|laity]] (under limited circumstances), and that [[vernacular languages]] should be more widely employed (while retaining the use of Latin),<ref name="SC_36">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |at=36 |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=29 December 2021 }}</ref> a declaration whose implementation made the Second Vatican Council "a milestone for Catholic, [[Protestants]], [and] the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]".<ref name="Kennedy2011">{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Philip|url=https://archive.org/details/christianityintr00kenn_0/page/247|title=Christianity: An Introduction|date=15 March 2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-383-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/christianityintr00kenn_0/page/247 247–]|quote=Four hundred years after the Reformation, Vatican II reversed all this and decreed that the assembled people of God celebrate the liturgy; that the texts of worship may be translated into vernacular languages; that the assembled people could drink from the communion cup; that the reading of scripture was to be an essential element of all worship; and that the Eucharist was to be regarded as the source and summit of the Church's life: ''Ubi Eucharistia, ibi Ecclesia'' – wherever the Eucharist is, there too is the Church. Such a view was entirely alien to pre-conciliar Roman theology which was more comfortable with the idea: 'Wherever the Pope is, there too is the Church.' Much of this was entirely consonant with Protestant sensibilities and explains why Vatican II was a milestone for Catholic, Protestants, the Orthodox, and all religions.}}</ref> 

[[File:Pope Paul VI portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A portrait of [[Paul VI]]. The New Mass was published by him in 1970 and thus is often referred to as the "Mass of Paul VI."]]

In 1964, Pope Paul VI, who had succeeded John XXIII the previous year, established the {{lang|la|Consilium ad exsequendam Constitutionem de Sacra Liturgia}}, the [[Council for Implementing the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy]]. The instruction {{lang|la|Inter oecumenici}} of 26 September 1964, issued by the [[Sacred Congregation of Rites]] while the Council was still in session, and coming into effect on 7 March 1965<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/Interoecumenici.html |title=Inter oecumenici |publisher=Adoremus.org |access-date=15 October 2012 |archive-date=14 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614002539/http://www.adoremus.org/Interoecumenici.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> made significant changes to the existing liturgy. The 1967 document {{lang|la|Tres abhinc annos}}, the second instruction on the implementation of the Council's Constitution on the Liturgy,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tres abhinc annos |url=http://www.adoremus.org/TresAbhinc.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Adoremus.org |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115159/http://www.adoremus.org/TresAbhinc.html }}</ref> made only minimal changes to the text, but simplified the rubrics and the vestments. [[Concelebration]] and Communion under both kinds had meanwhile been permitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/DocumentContents/Index/2/SubIndex/41/DocumentIndex/333 |title=Ecclesiae semper |publisher=Catholicliturgy.com |date=7 March 1965 |access-date=15 October 2012 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325231833/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/DocumentContents/Index/2/SubIndex/41/DocumentIndex/333 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By October 1967, the Consilium had produced a complete draft revision of the Mass liturgy, known as the Normative Mass,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kappes|first=Christiaan|title=The Normative Mass of 1967: Its History and Principles as Applied to the Liturgy of the Mass ([Complete pre-corrected Draft] Doct. Diss., Sant'Anselmo, 2012)|date=May 2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8608589|language=en}}</ref> and this revision was presented to the Synod of Bishops that met in Rome in that month. The bishops attended the first public celebration of the revised rite in the Sistine Chapel. When asked to vote on the new liturgy, 71 bishops voted {{lang|la|placet}} ('approved'), 43 voted {{lang|la|non-placet}} ('not approved'), and 62 voted {{lang|la|placet iuxta modum}} ('approved with reservations'). In response to the bishops' concerns, some changes were made to the text. Pope Paul VI and the Consilium interpreted this as lack of approval for the Normative Mass, which was replaced by the text included in the book {{lang|la|Novus Ordo Missae}} (The New Order of Mass) in 1969.<ref>Kappes, p. 3</ref>

On 25 September 1969, two retired cardinals, 79-year-old [[Alfredo Ottaviani]] and 84-year-old [[Antonio Bacci]], wrote a letter with which they sent Pope Paul VI the text of the "[[Ottaviani Intervention|Short Critical Study on the New Order of Mass]]". The cardinals warned the New Order of the Mass "represented, both as a whole and in its details, a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Mass as it was formulated in Session XXII of the [[Council of Trent]]".<ref name="John Hardon">{{cite book | last = Hardon| first = John| title = Christianity in the twentieth century | publisher = Doubleday| year = 1971 }}</ref> The study that they transmitted said that on many points the New Mass had much to gladden the heart of even the most modernist Protestant.<ref name="Alfredo Ottaviani">{{cite book | last = Ottaviani| first = Alfredo| title = The Ottaviani Intervention: Short Critical Study of the New Order of Mass | publisher = TAN Books & Publishers | year = 1971 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1969ottoviani.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116083713/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1969ottoviani.html | url-status = live | title = Modern History Sourcebook: The Ottaviani Intervention, 1969 | date = 25 September 1969 | website = Internet History Sourcebooks | publisher = [[Fordham University]] |archive-date=16 January 2009 | via = www.fordham.edu}}</ref> Paul VI asked the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], the department of the [[Roman Curia]] that Ottaviani had earlier headed, to examine the Short Critical Study. It responded on 12 November 1969 that the document contained many affirmations that were "superficial, exaggerated, inexact, emotional, and false".<ref>[http://www.clerus.org/clerus/dati/2000-12/07-999999/Ch1.pdf Christophe Geffroy and Philippe Maxence, Enquête sur la messe traditionnelle (with preface by Cardinal Alfons Maria Stickler)], p. 21).</ref> However, some of its observations were taken into account in preparing the definitive version of the new Order of the Mass. In 1974, [[Annibale Bugnini]] announced that the {{lang|la|Novus Ordo Missae}} was "a major conquest of the Roman Catholic Church."<ref name="Reid2016">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Dom Alcuin |title=A Bitter Trial: Evelyn Waugh and John Cardinal Heenan on the Liturgical Changes |date=8 January 2016 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-1-68149-004-5 |language=English}}</ref> Ottaviani would later acknowledge his satisfaction with the new missal after reassurance by Paul VI in a letter dated February 17, 1970.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Likoudis, Whitehead |title=The Pope, the Council, and the Mass |publisher=Emmaus Road Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1-931018-34-0 |edition=3rd |pages=143–144}}</ref>

===Paul VI's publication of the 1970 Missal===
[[Pope Paul VI]] promulgated the revised rite of Mass with his [[apostolic constitution]] {{lang|la|[[Missale Romanum (apostolic constitution)|Missale Romanum]]}} of 3 April 1969, setting the first Sunday of Advent of that year as the date on which it would enter into force. However, because he was dissatisfied with the edition that was produced, the revised Missal itself was not published until the following year, and full vernacular translations appeared much later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smolarski|first=Dennis|title=The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969–2002: A Commentary|date=2003|publisher=Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville (MN)|isbn=0814629369|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/generalinstructi0000smol}}</ref>

The revisions called for by Vatican II were guided by historical and Biblical studies that were not available at the [[Council of Trent]] when the rite was fixed to forestall any heretical accretions.<ref name="GIRM, 7f">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf|title=''GIRM'', 7f.}}</ref> {{lang|la|Missale Romanum}} made particular mention of the following significant changes from the previous edition of the Roman Missal:

* "Other elements that have suffered injury through accident of history" are restored "to the tradition of the Fathers" (SC art. 50), for example, the homily (see SC art. 52), the general intercessions or prayer of the faithful (see SC art. 53), and the penitential rite or act of reconciliation with God and the community at the beginning of the Mass.<ref>[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0262r.htm ''Missale Romanum''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101124024/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0262r.htm |date=1 November 2012 }} The internal references (SC) are from [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html ''Sacrosanctum Concilium''].</ref>
* The proportion of the Bible read at Mass was greatly increased, although some verses included in the older readings have been omitted in the new.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sullivan|first=Roseanne T.|date=January 20, 2017|title=''Index Lectionum'': Scripture Usage in Roman Catholic Masses Before and After Vatican II. A Book Review|url=https://www.hprweb.com/2017/01/index-lectionum-scripture-usage-in-roman-catholic-masses-before-and-after-vatican-ii/|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Homiletic & Pastoral Review}}</ref> Before the reforms of Pius XII, which reduced the proportions further, 1% of the Old Testament and 16.5% of the New Testament had been read at Mass. Since 1970, the equivalent proportions for Sundays and weekdays (leaving aside major feasts) have been 13.5% of the Old Testament and 71.5% of the New Testament.<ref>{{cite web|author=Felix Just, S.J. |url=http://catholic-resources.org/Lectionary/Statistics.htm |title=Lectionary Statistics |publisher=Catholic-resources.org |date=1 February 2009 |access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Mass of the Presanctified.jpg|thumb|Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday.]]