Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
Niidae Wiki
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Marwan Barghouti
(section)
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== Second Intifada == [[File:QalandiaWallBarghouti.JPG|250px|thumb|A painting of Marwan Barghouti on [[West Bank barrier|the barrier wall]] near [[Qalandia]].]] === Outbreak of Second Intifada and political leadership === In September 2000, the [[Second Intifada]] began. Barghouti became increasingly popular as a leader of demonstrations, as a spokesperson for Palestinian interests, and as leader of the [[Tanzim]], a grouping of younger activists within Fatah who had taken up arms. Barghouti described himself as "a politician, not a military man."<ref name="NYTBennet" /> Barghouti led marches to Israeli checkpoints, where riots broke out against Israeli soldiers and spurred on Palestinians in speeches at funerals and demonstrations, advocating the use of force to expel Israel from the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<ref name="bbcprofile" /> He has stated that, "I, and the Fatah movement to which I belong, strongly oppose attacks and the targeting of civilians inside Israel, our future neighbor, I reserve the right to protect myself, to resist the Israeli occupation of my country and to fight for my freedom" and has said, "I still seek peaceful coexistence between the equal and independent countries of Israel and Palestine based on full withdrawal from Palestinian territories occupied in 1967."<ref name=wp-oped-20020116>{{cite news|title=Want Security? End the Occupation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/01/16/want-security-end-the-occupation/6d95b7aa-48bd-43e8-9698-e35331460ffb/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 January 2002|first=Marwan |last=Barghouti |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> As the Palestinian death toll in the Second Intifada mounted, Barghouti called for Palestinians to target Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank and Gaza, but not within Israel.<ref name="Hajjar"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Sher |first=Gilead |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgAWFiDryMC&pg=PA183 |title=The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999-2001: Within Reach |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-7146-8542-7 |page=183}}</ref> Others, such as leaders of Hamas, openly backed attacks on civilians within Israel. Israel has accused Barghouti of having co-founded and lead the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades during this period, which he has denied.<ref name="bbcprofile" /> Israel attempted to assassinate him in 2001.<ref name=":0" /> That August, Israeli forces fired two missiles from an illegal West Bank settlement at a convoy of cars in Ramallah and injured Barghouti's bodyguard.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |last2=Quirke |first2=Virginia |last3=Jerusalem |date=2001-08-05 |title=Israel tries to kill top Arafat aide in missile attack on car |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/aug/05/israel |access-date=2025-03-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At the time, Israeli security sources claimed that they had intended to kill another Fatah operative. The then-head of [[Shin Bet]] subsequently claimed to have made two attempts to assassinate Barghouti.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Weitz |first=Gidi |title=Will Marwan Barghouti be the Palestinian Nelson Mandela? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-07-05/ty-article-magazine/is-this-the-palestinian-mandela/0000017f-e66b-da9b-a1ff-ee6f5fc30000 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250110230420/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-07-05/ty-article-magazine/is-this-the-palestinian-mandela/0000017f-e66b-da9b-a1ff-ee6f5fc30000 |archive-date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-03-23 |work=Haaretz.com |language=en}}</ref> Barghouti went into hiding. === Israeli arrest, interrogation and trial === [[File:חומת מגן 28.jpg|thumb|Barghouti being arrested by Israeli soldiers in Ramallah during [[Operation Defensive Shield]]]] Barghouti was captured on 15 April 2002 by Israeli soldiers, who had disguised their journey to his location by hiding in a civilian ambulance.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.787563|script-title =he: גורמי ביטחון: ברגותי מפגין יהירות בחקירה|newspaper=Haaretz|date=18 April 2002|access-date=17 September 2011 |language=he |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121016184704/http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.787563 |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> He was transferred to the [[Moscovia Detention Centre]]. On 18 April, Barghouti was reported to have declined to cooperate with his interrogators, and allowed to communicate freely with his lawyer. He was then denied the right to see his lawyer for the next month, except for an occasion on which they were not allowed to discuss the investigation.<ref name="Foreman" /> The next time he was able to talk freely with his lawyer, Barghouti described having been subject to severe sleep deprivation and insufficient food. He described the torture, in the form of the [[Shabeh (torture)|s''habeh'']] method, in a later book, 1000 Days In Solitary Jail.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Barghūthī |first=Marwān |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/702137879 |title=Alf yawm fī zinzānat al-ʻazl al-infirādī |date=2011 |publisher=al-Dār al-ʻArabīyah lil-ʻUlūm Nāshirūn |isbn=978-614-01-0123-4 |edition=al-Ṭabʻah 1 |location=Bayrūt |oclc=702137879}}</ref> He said that he was forced to sit on a chair with nails protuding into his back for hours at a time.<ref name=":11" /> Simon Foreman, the lawyer commissioned by the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] to report on the trial, has said "the witnesses whose statements were used to accuse [Barghouti], many of them made the same kind of statements and those allegations were disregarded, openly disregarded by the courts."<ref name="Foreman" /><ref name=":1" /> Barghouti has also stated that the interrogators threatened to kill him and his eldest son.<ref name="Foreman" /> He has written that during his pre-trial detention, in addition to Moscovia, he was held for periods at [[Camp 1391]] and the Petah Tikva prison.<ref name=":11" /> === Charges, verdict and sentences === Israel filed its indictment on 14 August and Barghouti's trial commenced on 5 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights of parliamentarians: The trial of Mr. Marwan Barghouti - Palestine |url=http://archive.ipu.org/hr-e/174/report.htm |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> Barghouti was charged with 26 charges of murder and attempted murder stemming from attacks carried out by the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades on Israeli civilians and soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/12/State%20of%20Israel%20vs%20Marwan%20Barghouti-%20Ruling%20by%20Jud |website=[[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040705013646/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/12/State%20of%20Israel%20vs%20Marwan%20Barghouti-%20Ruling%20by%20Jud |archive-date=5 July 2004 |date=12 December 2002 |title=State of Israel vs. Marwan Barghouti: Ruling by Judge Zvi Gurfinkel}}</ref><ref name="mfa.gov.il">{{cite web |date=14 August 2002 |title=Marwan Barghouti Indictment |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/8/Marwan%20Barghouti%20Indictment%20-%20Appendix-%20Terrorist |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040705015004/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/8/Marwan%20Barghouti%20Indictment%20-%20Appendix-%20Terrorist |archive-date=5 July 2004 |access-date=29 August 2010 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> Barghouti refused to present a defense to the charges brought against him, maintaining throughout that the trial was illegal and illegitimate.<ref name="medea">{{cite web |title=Barghouti, Marwan |url=http://www.medea.be/en/themes/biographies/abc/barghouti-marwan/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |publisher=MEDEA}}</ref> He stressed that he supported armed resistance to the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]], but condemned attacks on civilians inside Israel. According to the case argued by Israel at his trial, he had supported and authorized such attacks. On 20 May 2004, he was convicted of five counts of murder: authorizing and organizing the [[murder of Georgios Tsibouktzakis]] (aka Father Germanos, a [[Greek Orthodox]] monk-priest<!-- Nobody outside his family knows him by his birth name. Searched the page & couldn't find him! PLS DON'T REMOVE. Thanks. -->), a shooting adjacent to [[Giv'at Ze'ev]] in which a civilian was killed, and the [[Seafood Market attack]] in [[Tel Aviv]] in which three civilians were killed. In addition, he was convicted of attempted murder for a failed [[car bomb]] attack near [[Malha Mall]] that exploded prematurely, resulting in the deaths of two suicide bombers, and for membership and activity in a terrorist organization. He was acquitted of 21 counts of murder in 33 other attacks as no proof was brought to link Barghouti directly with the specific decisions of the local leadership of the Tanzim to carry out these particular attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/barghouti-found-guilty-of-5-murders-1.123188 |title=Barghouti Found Guilty of 5 Murders |work=Haaretz |date=21 May 2004 |access-date=17 June 2024 |first=Assaf |last=Bergerfreund}}</ref> Following the verdict, Barghouti shouted in Hebrew, "This is a court of occupation that I do not recognize. A day will come when you will be ashamed of these accusations. I have no more connection to these charges than you, the judges, do."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN.com - Israel court convicts Fatah leader of murder - May 20, 2004 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/20/israel.barghouti/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=CNN}}</ref> On 6 June 2004, he was sentenced to the maximum possible punishment for his convictions: five cumulative life sentences for the murders and an additional 40 years, consisting of 20 years each for attempted murder and for membership and activity in a terrorist organization. The Israeli verdict against him in effect removed Arafat's only political rival.<ref>{{cite book |first=Colin |last=Shindler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_ukZhiBzykC&pg=PA337 |title=A History of Modern Israel |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2013 |page=337|isbn=978-1-107-02862-3 }}</ref> === Criticism of trial === In the most detailed third party report on the case, the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] found that the "numerous breaches of international law" to which Barghouti was subjected "make it impossible to conclude that Mr. Barghouti was given a fair trial."<ref name="Foreman">{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Foreman |url=http://www.ipu.org/hr-e/174/report.htm |title=The trial of Mr. Marwan Barghouti |website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] |date=3 October 2003 |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>The Inter-Parliamentary Union report is widely cited, including: *{{cite web |url=http://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-b29b-A-cynical-ploy-by-Tel-Aviv |title=A Cynical Ploy by Tel Aviv |date=28 April 2017 |work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]] |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012094524/http://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-b29b-A-cynical-ploy-by-Tel-Aviv |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/palestine-mandela-2013102574743124101.html |title=Palestine's Mandela |first=Shannon |last=Ebrahim |date=27 October 2013 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=17 June 2024}} *{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/20407.aspx |title=The Prejudice Against Barghouti |first=Jeremy R. |last=Hammond |date=12 May 2017 |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529031645/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/20407.aspx |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/punishment-of-barghouti-will-not-end-protests |title=Punishment of Barghouti Will Not End Protests |first=James |last=Zogby |author-link=James Zogby |date=22 April 2017 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> The criticisms raised by Simon Foreman, the report's author, included the court's failure to consider the public allegations of torture; its authorisation of incommunicado detention; prejudicial statements by the presiding judge; the transportation of Barghouti to Israel contrary to the Fourth Geneva Convention; and the poor evidence for guilt.<ref name="Foreman" /> Foreman wrote, "According to the prosecution, only 21 of the prosecution witnesses were actually in a position to testify directly regarding Mr. Barghouti's role in these attacks. But none of these 21 individuals in fact accused him. About 12 of them explicitly told the court that he was not involved."<ref name="Foreman" /> Concerning "material" evidence, Barghouti's lawyer told Foreman that “no document originated by Mr. Barghouti had implicated him in the acts of which he was being accused.”<ref name="Foreman" />
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to Niidae Wiki may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
Encyclopedia:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
Marwan Barghouti
(section)
Add topic