Editing Mark Bingham (section)

==September 11, 2001==
On the morning of September 11, Bingham overslept and nearly missed his flight, on his way to San Francisco to be an usher in his fraternity brother Joseph Salama's wedding.<ref>Cooper, Elise (July 9, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100722060507/http://www.newsrealblog.com/2010/07/19/911-families-no-mosque-on-our-sacred-ground/ "9/11 Families: No Mosque on Our Sacred Ground"]. [[NewsReal Blog]].</ref> He arrived at Terminal A at [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark International Airport]] at 7:40 am, ran to Gate 17, and was the last passenger to board [[United Airlines Flight 93]], taking seat 4D, next to passenger [[Tom Burnett (Flight 93 passenger)|Tom Burnett]].<ref name=Guardian>Vulliamy, Ed (December 1, 2001). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/02/september11.terrorism1 "The real story of flight 93'Let's roll...'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119194533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/02/september11.terrorism1 |date=November 19, 2016 }}. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref name=MemorialBios>[http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/upload/Biographies-Passenger-Crew.pdf "Brief Biographies: Passengers and Crew of Flight 93"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905051255/http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/upload/Biographies-Passenger-Crew.pdf |date=September 5, 2012 }}. [[Flight 93 National Memorial]]. Retrieved September 12, 2012.</ref>

United Airlines Flight 93 was scheduled to depart at 8:00 am, but the plane did not depart until 42 minutes later due to runway traffic delays. Four minutes later, [[American Airlines Flight 11]] crashed into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s North Tower. At 9:03 am, as [[United Airlines Flight 175]] crashed into the South Tower, Flight 93 climbed to cruising altitude, heading west over [[New Jersey]] and into [[Pennsylvania]]. At 9:25 am, Flight 93 was above eastern [[Ohio]], and pilots Jason Dahl and [[LeRoy Homer Jr.|LeRoy Homer]] received an alert, "Beware of cockpit intrusion," on the cockpit computer device [[Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System|ACARS]] (Aircraft Communications and Reporting System).<ref>{{Cite book|title = The 9/11 Encyclopedia|last = Atkins|first = Stephen E.|publisher = Praeger Security International|year = 2008|isbn = 978-0-275-99432-7|location = Westport, CT|pages = 284}}</ref> Three minutes later, Cleveland controllers could hear screams over the cockpit's open microphone. Moments later, the hijackers, led by the Lebanese [[Ziad Jarrah]], took over the plane's controls and told passengers, "Keep remaining sitting. We have a bomb on board". Bingham and the other passengers were herded into the back of the plane. Within six minutes, the plane changed course and headed for [[Washington, D.C.]] Several of the passengers made phone calls to loved ones, who informed them about the two planes that had crashed into the World Trade Center.<ref name=AmNatBiography>Evensen, Bruce J. (2000). [http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01916-print.html "Beamer, Todd Morgan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515171738/http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01916-print.html |date=May 15, 2014 }}. ''[[American National Biography]]''. Retrieved May 14, 2014.</ref><ref name=PostGazette9.16.01>{{cite news|last=McKinnon|first=Jim|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp|title=The phone line from Flight 93 remained open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say, "Are you guys ready? Okay. Let's roll..."|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=September 16, 2001|access-date=May 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015531/http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp|archive-date=January 18, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the hijackers veered the plane sharply south, the passengers decided to act.<ref name=AmNatBiography/> Bingham, along with [[Todd Beamer]], [[Tom Burnett (Flight 93 passenger)|Tom Burnett]], and [[Jeremy Glick]], formed a plan to take the plane back from the hijackers.<ref name=YahooNews>[https://news.yahoo.com/unexpected-legacy-left-by-hero-of-flight-93.html "Unexpected legacy left by hero of Flight 93"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055426/http://news.yahoo.com/unexpected-legacy-left-by-hero-of-flight-93.html |date=March 5, 2016 }}. [[Yahoo! News]]. September 2, 2011.</ref> They relayed this plan to their loved ones and the authorities via telephone. Bingham got through to his aunt's home in California.<ref name=TheWeek>[http://theweek.com/articles/481976/heroes-flight-93 "The heroes of Flight 93] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225244/http://theweek.com/articles/481976/heroes-flight-93 |date=September 11, 2018 }}. ''[[The Week]]''. September 9, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</ref> Bingham stated, "This is Mark Bingham. I want to let you guys know that I love you, in case I don't see you again...I'm on United Airlines, Flight 93. It's being hijacked."<ref>Veale, Scott (September 16, 2001). [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/weekinreview/word-for-word-last-words-voices-from-above-i-love-you-mommy-goodbye.html "Word for Word/Last Words; Voices From Above: 'I Love You, Mommy, Goodbye'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912021948/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/16/weekinreview/word-for-word-last-words-voices-from-above-i-love-you-mommy-goodbye.html |date=September 12, 2018 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</ref><ref name=CNN>O'Brien Miles (September 19, 2001). [http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/09/18/vic.heroes/?related "Calls indicate Flight 93 passengers went down fighting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225336/http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/09/18/vic.heroes/?related |date=September 11, 2018 }}. [[CNN]]. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</ref><ref>Mason, Margie (October 22, 2001). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20011022/aponline150457_000.htm "Gay Hero Emerges From Hijacking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715054433/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20011022/aponline150457_000.htm |date=July 15, 2018 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</ref><ref>Hoagland, Alice ["9/11: One Day in America S1:E3 'Collapse'"] ''[[The National Geographic]]''. Published August 30, 2021</ref> According to ''[[The Week]]'', Hoagland formed the impression that her son spoke "confidentially" with a fellow passenger, to form a plan to retake the plane.<ref name=TheWeek/> According to [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], the call cut off after about three minutes. Hoagland, after seeing news reports of the plane's hijacking, called him back and left two messages for him, calmly saying, "Mark, this is your mom. The news is that it's been hijacked by terrorists. They are planning to probably use the plane as a target to hit some site on the ground. I would say go ahead and do everything you can to overpower them, because they are hellbent. Try to call me back if you can."<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=126162&page=1 "Mom Urged Son to Fight Flight 93 Hijackers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225534/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=126162&page=1 |date=September 11, 2018 }}. [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]. March 30, 2018, Retrieved September 11, 2018.</ref> Bingham, Burnett, and Glick were each more than {{convert|6|ft|sigfig=3}} tall, well-built and fit. As they made their decision to retake the plane, Glick related this over the phone to his wife, Lyz.<ref name=DailyTelegraph>Alderson, Andrew; Bisset, Susan (October 21, 2001). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1360088/The-extraordinary-last-calls-of-Flight-UA93.html "The extraordinary last calls of Flight UA93"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107002859/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1360088/The-extraordinary-last-calls-of-Flight-UA93.html |date=November 7, 2018 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved September 11, 2018.</ref> Fellow passenger Todd Beamer, speaking to GTE-Verizon Lisa Jefferson and the FBI, related that he too was part of this group.<ref name=CNN/><ref name=DailyTelegraph/> They were joined by other passengers, including Lou Nacke, Rich Guadagno, Alan Beaven, Honor Elizabeth Wainio, Linda Gronlund, and William Cashman, along with flight attendants Sandra Bradshaw and Cee Cee Ross-Lyles, in discussing their options and voting on a course of action, ultimately deciding to storm the cockpit and take over the plane.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=AmNatBiography/><ref name=PostGazette9.16.01/>

According to the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', after the plane's [[voice data recorder]] was recovered, it revealed pounding and crashing sounds against the cockpit door and shouts and screams in English. "Let's get them!" a passenger cries. A hijacker shouts, "[[Takbir|Allāhu ʾakbar]]!" ("God is great"). Jarrah repeatedly pitched the plane to knock passengers off their feet, but the passengers apparently managed to invade the cockpit, where one was heard shouting, "In the cockpit. If we don't, we'll die." At 10:02 am, a hijacker ordered, "Pull it down! Pull it down!" The 9/11 Commission later reported that the plane's control wheel was turned hard to the right, causing it to roll on its back and plow into an empty field in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], at {{convert|580|mph|km/h}}, killing everyone on board. The plane was 20 minutes of flying time away from its suspected target, the [[White House]] or the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol Building]] in Washington, D.C. According to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], President [[George W. Bush]] gave the order to shoot the plane down.<ref name=AmNatBiography/>