Editing Margaret Mead (section)

==Career and later life==
[[File:Margaret Mead (1901-1978) (2).jpg|thumb|Mead at New York Academy of Sciences, 1968]]
During World War II, Mead along with other social scientists like Gregory Bateson and Ruth Benedict, took on several different responsibilities. In 1940, Mead joined the Committee for National Morale.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hazard |first=Anthony Q. |date=2014 |title=Wartime Anthropology, Nationalism, and "Race" in Margaret Mead's and Keep Your Powder Dry |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24394233 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=365–383 |doi=10.3998/jar.0521004.0070.302 |jstor=24394233 |issn=0091-7710}}</ref> In 1941, she also contributed to an essay that was released in the Applied Anthropology, which created strategies to help produce propaganda with the intent of raising national morale.<ref name=":0" /> In 1942, Mead served as the executive director of the Committee on Food Habits of the National Research Council, which served to gather data on American citizens ability to get food and their overall diet during the war.<ref name=":0" /> During World War II, Mead also served on the Institute for Intercultural Studies (IIS), whose prime objective was to research the “national character” of the Axis powers to try and foster peace between the two sides.<ref name=":0" /> She was curator of [[ethnology]] at the American Museum of Natural History from 1946 to 1969. She was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1948,<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterM.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1975,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Mead |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000871.html |access-date=July 18, 2022 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Margaret+Mead&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=July 18, 2022 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> She taught at [[The New School]] and Columbia University, where she was an adjunct professor from 1954 to 1978 and a professor of anthropology and chair of the Division of Social Sciences at [[Fordham University]]'s Lincoln Center campus from 1968 to 1970, founding their anthropology department. In 1970, she joined the faculty of the [[University of Rhode Island]] as a Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Anthropology.<ref>p. 94 in: Wheaton, J., and [[Richard Vangermeersch|R. Vangermeersch]], 1999. University of Rhode Island. Arcadia Publishing Company, Charleston, SC. {{ISBN|978-0-7385-0214-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tzqqg7rj8C&dq=University+of+Rhode+Island+Vangermeersch+%27Margaret+Mead%22&pg=PA94 Web version.]</ref>

Following Ruth Benedict's example, Mead focused her research on problems of child rearing, personality, and culture.<ref>''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Fifth Edition, 1993.</ref> She served as president of the [[Society for Applied Anthropology]] in 1950<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Past Presidents|url=https://www.appliedanthro.org/about|publisher=Society for Applied Anthropology|access-date=January 28, 2020}}</ref> and of the [[American Anthropological Association]] in 1960. In the mid-1960s, Mead joined forces with the communications theorist [[Rudolf Modley]] in jointly establishing an organization called Glyphs Inc., whose goal was to create a universal graphic symbol language to be understood by any members of culture, no matter how "primitive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bresnahan|first=Keith|year=2011|title="An Unused Esperanto": Internationalism and Pictographic Design, 1930–70|journal=Design and Culture|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.2752/175470810X12863771378671|s2cid=147279431}}</ref> In the 1960s, Mead served as the Vice President of the [[New York Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="NYAS History">{{cite journal|last1=Baatz|first1=Simon|title=Knowledge, Culture, and Science in the Metropolis: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1817–1970|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=584|doi=10.1111/nyas.1990.584.issue-1|year=1990|pages=1–256|pmid=2200324}}</ref> She held various positions in the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], notably president in 1975 and chair of the executive committee of the board of directors in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wendy Kolmar |url=http://www.depts.drew.edu/wmst/corecourses/wmst111/timeline_bios/MMead.htm |title=Margaret Mead |publisher=Depts.drew.edu |access-date=September 29, 2010}}</ref> She was a recognizable figure in academia and usually wore a distinctive cape and carried a walking stick.<ref name="libraryofcongress">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/oneworld-comment.html | title=Margaret Mead As a Cultural Commentator | work=Margaret Mead: Human nature and the power of culture | publisher=[[Library of Congress]] | access-date=March 8, 2008| date=November 30, 2001}}</ref>

Mead was a key participant in the [[Macy conferences]] on [[cybernetics]] and an editor of their proceedings.<ref>Foerster H. von, Mead M. & Teuber H. L. (1953) A note from the editors. In: Cybernetics: Circular causal and feedback mechanisms in biological and social systems, transactions of the eighth conference, March 15–16, 1951. Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, New York: xi–xx. https://cepa.info/2709</ref> Mead's address to the inaugural conference of the [[American Society for Cybernetics]] was instrumental in the development of [[second-order cybernetics]].<ref>Mead, M. (1968). The cybernetics of cybernetics. In H. von Foerster, J. D. White, L. J. Peterson, & J. K. Russell (Eds.), Purposive Systems (pp. 1–11). Spartan Books.</ref>

Mead was featured on two record albums published by [[Folkways Records]]. The first, released in 1959, ''An Interview With Margaret Mead'', explored the topics of morals and anthropology.  In 1971, she was included in a compilation of talks by prominent women, ''But the Women Rose, Vol. 2: Voices of Women in American History''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/searchresults.aspx?sPhrase=Margaret+Mead&sType=%27phrase%27/|title=Smithsonian Folkways – Not found|website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings}}</ref>

She is credited with the pluralization of the term "[[semiotics]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Approaches to Semiotics|year=1964|editor=Thomas A. Sebeok|editor-link=Thomas A. Sebeok|editor2=Alfred S. Hayes|editor2-link=Alfred S. Hayes|editor3=Mary Catherine Bateson |editor3-link=Mary Catherine Bateson}}</ref>

In 1948 Mead was quoted in ''[[News Chronicle]]'' as supporting the deployment of [[Iban people|Iban]] mercenaries to the [[Malayan Emergency]], arguing that using Ibans (Dyaks) who enjoyed headhunting was no worse than deploying white troops who had been taught that killing was wrong.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poole |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVHcEAAAQBAJ&q=margaret%20mead |title=Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |year=2023 |isbn=978-1399057417 |pages=xxv}}</ref>

In later life, Mead was a mentor to many young anthropologists and sociologists, including [[Jean Houston]], author [[Gail Sheehy]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider {{!}} |first=Martin |title=Exploring the New Normal |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/interviews/article/21789-exploring-the-new-normal.html |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref> [[John Langston Gwaltney]],<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 24, 2015 |title=The Ethnographic Vision of John L. Gwaltney: The Thrice Shy, A Forgotten Gem |url=http://somatosphere.net/2015/the-ethnographic-vision-of-john-l-gwaltney-the-thrice-shy-a-forgotten-gem.html/ |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=Somatosphere |language=en-US |last1=Sharp |first1=Lesley A. }}</ref> [[Roger Sandall]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vale Roger Sandall – Quadrant Online |url=https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2012/10/vale-roger-sandall/ |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=quadrant.org.au}}</ref> filmmaker [[Timothy Asch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 1994 |title=ETHNOGRAPHIC FILMMAKING PIONEER TIMOTHY ASCH DIES |url=https://news.usc.edu/1820/ETHNOGRAPHIC-FILMMAKING-PIONEER-TIMOTHY-ASCH-DIES/ |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=USC News |language=en-US}}</ref> and anthropologist [[Susan C. Scrimshaw]], who later received the 1985 [[Margaret Mead Award]] for her research on cultural factors affecting public health delivery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health and Culture |url=https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/health-and-culture |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=Columbia Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Howard"/>{{rp|370–371}}

In 1972, Mead was one of the two rapporteurs from NGOs to the UN Conference on the Human Environment. In 1976, she was a key participant at [[UN Habitat I]], the first UN forum on human settlements.

Mead died of [[pancreatic cancer]] on November 15, 1978, and is buried at Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery, [[Buckingham, Pennsylvania|Buckingham]], Pennsylvania.<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 31891). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref>