Editing March 9 (section)

===1601–1900===
*[[1701]] &ndash; [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] troops retreat from [[Basra]], [[Safavid occupation of Basra (1697–1701)|ending a three-year occupation]].{{sfn|Matthee|2006b}}
*[[1765]] &ndash; After a campaign by the writer [[Voltaire]], judges in Paris posthumously exonerate [[Jean Calas]] of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in [[1762]] on the charge, though his son may have actually died by suicide.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Armstrong |first1=Ken |title=Broken on the Wheel |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/03/13/broken-on-the-wheel/ |website=The Paris Review |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123042017/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/03/13/broken-on-the-wheel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1776]] &ndash; Scottish philosopher [[Adam Smith]] publishes ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', ushering in the [[classical economics|classical period]] of [[political economy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goff |first1=Frederick R. |title=Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" |journal=Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions |pages=11–13 |date=1947|volume=4 |issue=2 |jstor=29780456 }}</ref>
*[[1796]] &ndash; [[Napoleon|Napoléon Bonaparte]] marries his first wife, [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eugène de Beauharnais {{!}} French soldier and viceroy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-de-Beauharnais |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112094055/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-de-Beauharnais |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1811]] &ndash; Paraguayan forces defeat [[Manuel Belgrano]] at the [[Battle of Tacuarí]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clodfelter |first1=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7 |page=313 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2022-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207063518/https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1815]] &ndash; [[Francis Ronalds]] describes the first battery-operated clock in the ''[[Philosophical Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Philosophical Magazine |date=1815 |publisher=Taylor & Francis. |pages=261–264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhpRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA264 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2022-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309143028/https://books.google.com/books?id=GhpRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA264 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1841]] &ndash; The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] rules in the ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]'' case that captive Africans who had seized control of the ship carrying them had been taken into [[slavery]] illegally.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gold |first1=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |date=2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/105 105] |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1842]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s third opera, ''[[Nabucco]]'', receives its première performance in [[Milan]]; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera composers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagnoli |first1=Giorgio |title=The La Scala Encyclopedia of the Opera |date=1993 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-87042-3 |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUJ0bvo6rQIC&pg=PA265 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2022-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204032805/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUJ0bvo6rQIC&pg=PA265 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*  1842   &ndash; The first documented discovery of [[gold]] in [[California]] occurs at [[Rancho San Francisco]], six years before the [[California Gold Rush]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Project |first1=Federal Writers' |title=California in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the Golden State |date=2013 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-27540-9 |page=395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wZ92r0X1xkC&pg=PA395 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2022-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309143025/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wZ92r0X1xkC&pg=PA395 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=California Gold Rush {{!}} Definition & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/California-Gold-Rush |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102194750/https://www.britannica.com/topic/California-Gold-Rush |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1847]] &ndash; [[Mexican–American War]]: The first large-scale [[amphibious assault]] in U.S. history is launched in the [[Siege of Veracruz]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer |last2=Arnold |first2=James R. |last3=Wiener |first3=Roberta |last4=Pierpaoli (Jr.) |first4=Paul G. |last5=Cutrer |first5=Thomas W. |last6=Santoni |first6=Pedro |title=The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-853-8 |page=704 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZVQcZpic-8C&pg=PA704 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2022-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309143026/https://books.google.com/books?id=FZVQcZpic-8C&pg=PA704 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: {{USS|Monitor}} and {{Ship|CSS|Virginia}} (rebuilt from the engines and lower hull of the [[USS Merrimack (1855)|USS ''Merrimack'']]) fight to a draw in the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]], the first battle between two [[ironclad warship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack {{!}} Summary & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Monitor-and-Merrimack |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415095152/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Monitor-and-Merrimack |url-status=live }}</ref>