Editing Marabout (section)

===Syncretic spiritualists===
The spread in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] of the marabout's role from the 8th through 13th centuries created in some places [[Folk Islam|a mixture of roles with pre-Islamic priests]], local [[Traditional medicine|healers]], and [[Divination|diviners]].<ref name=Rain/> Thus, many fortune tellers and self-styled spiritual guides take the name ''marabout'', something rejected by more [[Islamic orthodoxy|orthodox Muslims]] and Sufi brotherhoods alike.<ref name=Rain/> The recent diaspora of West Africans (to [[Paris]] in particular) has brought this tradition to Europe and North America, where some marabouts advertise their services as fortune tellers. An [[eshu]] of [[Quimbanda]], Marabô, is believed to have carried this esoteric and shamanic role into Brazil. Contemporary marabouts in Senegal advertise on television and have hot lines.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31859284 Contemporary marabouts.]</ref>

*Liliane Kuczynski. Les marabouts africains à Paris. CNRS Editions, Paris (2003) {{ISBN|978-2-271-06087-7}}
* [https://www.megabambou.com/encyclopedie/marabouts.html Magopinaciophilie]: An article discussing Europeans who collect calling card like advertisements by "marabouts".
* [http://lofficiel.ouvaton.org/ L'officiel du Marabout]: Parisian advertisement collection.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080427222347/http://www.marabout.ouvaton.org/dotclear/ Magopinaciophiles]: A collection of French flyers.<ref>
[[Ahmadou Bamba]], Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké (1853-1927) (Aamadu Bàmba Mbàkke in Wolof, Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb Allāh in Arabic, also known as Khadīmu 'l-Rasūl or "The Servant of the messenger" in Arabic, and as Sëriñ Tuubaa or "Cheikh of Tuubaa" in Wolof), was a Muslim Sufi religious leader in Senegal and the founder of the large Mouride Brotherhood (the Muridiyya). See Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal.

Cheikh [[Ahmadou Bamba]] was a mystic and religious leader who produced a prodigious quantity of poems and tracts on meditation, rituals, work, and Qur'anic study. Politically, Ahmadou Bamba led a pacifist struggle against French colonialism while not waging outright war on the French as several prominent Tijaan marabouts had done.</ref>