Editing Maquis (World War II) (section)

==Politics==
Politically, the Maquis included [[right-wing]] [[Nationalism|nationalists]], [[Liberalism|liberals]], [[Socialism|socialists]], [[Communism|communists]], and [[Anarchism|anarchists]]. Some Maquis bands that operated in southwest France were composed entirely of [[Spanish Maquis|left-wing Spanish veterans]] of the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Spanish Civil War veteran [[Carlos Romero Giménez]] was a centrist republican operating from [[Bordeaux]].

According to [[Matthew Cobb]], the Communist Maquis groups adopted more active and immediate guerrilla tactics to combat the Nazis, while the groups affiliated with De Gaulle were asked to wait for a larger attack later in the war. Thus, some maquis joined Communist groups simply to be part of a more active resistance movement and not because of their politics. [[Georges Guingouin]] was one of the most active Communist Maquis leaders.{{sfn|Cobb|2009|p=164}}

The British [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) helped the Maquis who were affiliated with the [[Free French]] with supplies and agents, help which was not extended to the Communist Maquis groups. The American [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) also began to send its own agents to France in cooperation with the SOE and the French [[Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action|BCRA]] agents, as part of [[Operation Jedburgh]].

The Maquis had many different sub groups with their own objectives and political affiliations. In 1944, an [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] agent, Robert R. Kehoe, was embedded within a group of Maquis and described the organization as "fractured",<ref name="1944-CIA">{{Cite journal |last=Kehoe| first= Robert R. |date= 1944 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol42no5/html/v42i5a03p.htm |volume=42 |number=5 |title= Jed Team Frederick: An Allied Team with the French Resistance |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|journal=Studies in Intelligence|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423033122/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol42no5/html/v42i5a03p.htm|archive-date=23 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> observing that "the various components were quite independent, with members loyal to their own leaders and to the political forces behind them".<ref name="1944-CIA"/> Different ideologies within the subgroups created tensions that had to be put aside at times during the war but prosecuted those of the far right after.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deacon |first=Valerie |date=2015 |title=Fitting in to the French Resistance: Marie-Madeleine Fourcade and Georges Loustaunau-Lacau at the Intersection of Politics and Gender |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43697374 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=259–273 |doi=10.1177/0022009414546507 |jstor=43697374 |s2cid=145710614 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref> People like [[Georges Loustaunau-Lacau]] and [[Marie-Madeleine Fourcade]], leaders of the French Resistance group Alliance, were both questioned about their loyalty during and after the war. This came as no surprise as both were from far-right political backgrounds, that didn’t favor the dominant [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] narrative. Lacau suffered the most, all the way up to his death by being put in jail several times, and accused by communist colleagues of siding with the Germans, while Fourcade was able to suffer fewer accusations by switching to [[Gaullism]].

Examples of the independence of separate Maquis groups can be found all throughout France during the Second World War. For example, Maquis groups in [[Brittany]] often did not speak French and were focused on the expulsion of German forces from their region and not from France as a whole.<ref name="1944-CIA"/> As they did not operate like a normal resistance organization due to their lack of centralization, the Maquis would not be able to accomplish as much as the [[Allies of World War II|Allied nations]] had hoped.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}