Editing Maputo (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Maputo,_Mozambique.JPG|thumb|Maputo, seen from the [[International Space Station]]]]
[[File:Maputo_seen_from_Katembe_2014.png|thumb|left| A view of the city]]

Maputo is located on the west side of [[Maputo Bay]], near the Estuário do Espírito Santo where the four rivers [[Tembe River|Tembe]], [[Umbeluzi]], [[Matola River|Matola]] and [[Infulene River|Infulene]] drain. The bay is {{convert|95|km|0|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} wide. At the extreme east of the city and bay is the island of [[Inhaca]]. The total area covered by the municipality of Maputo is {{convert|346|km2|0|abbr=out}} and borders the city of [[Matola]] northeast and east, the districts of [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] to the north; [[Boane District|Boane]] in the east and [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] at the south all of which are part of Maputo Province. The city is {{convert|120|km|0|abbr=in}} from the South African border at [[Ressano Garcia]] and {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=in}} from the border with [[Eswatini]] near the town of [[Namaacha]].
{{clear left}}

===Climate===
Maputo features a [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], having enough precipitation to prevent it from being classified as a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''). Maputo is a relatively dry city, averaging {{convert|829.6|mm|1|abbr=off}} of precipitation per year. Precipitation is abundant during summer and sparse during winter. The city has a relatively warm climate averaging a mean temperature of {{convert|22.8|C}}. The hottest month is January with a mean temperature of {{convert|26.8|C}}, while the coolest month is July with a mean temperature of {{convert|18.8|C}}.

{{Weather box
|location = Maputo ([[Maputo International Airport]]) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 2007–2023)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan record high C = 43.6
|Feb record high C = 40.7
|Mar record high C = 39.1
|Apr record high C = 38.1
|May record high C = 39.2
|Jun record high C = 35.7
|Jul record high C = 35.8
|Aug record high C = 38.9
|Sep record high C = 41.1
|Oct record high C = 42.0
|Nov record high C = 41.4
|Dec record high C = 44.2
|Jan record low C = 17.2
|Feb record low C = 18.1
|Mar record low C = 15.9
|Apr record low C = 11.4
|May record low C = 8.0
|Jun record low C = 6.7
|Jul record low C = 7.9
|Aug record low C = 8.9
|Sep record low C = 11.2
|Oct record low C = 12.2
|Nov record low C = 13.5
|Dec record low C = 16.5
|Jan high C = 30.8
|Feb high C = 31.4
|Mar high C = 30.8
|Apr high C = 29.7
|May high C = 28.2
|Jun high C = 26.5
|Jul high C = 26.1
|Aug high C = 26.7
|Sep high C = 28.3
|Oct high C = 27.8
|Nov high C = 28.9
|Dec high C = 30.7
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 26.6
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 26.1
|Apr mean C = 23.9
|May mean C = 21.9
|Jun mean C = 20.0
|Jul mean C = 19.7
|Aug mean C = 20.4
|Sep mean C = 22.2
|Oct mean C = 23.1
|Nov mean C = 24.3
|Dec mean C = 25.9
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 22.3
|Feb low C = 22.9
|Mar low C = 21.2
|Apr low C = 19.2
|May low C = 16.8
|Jun low C = 14.9
|Jul low C = 14.1
|Aug low C = 14.9
|Sep low C = 17.3
|Oct low C = 18.4
|Nov low C = 19.9
|Dec low C = 21.5
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 171.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 130.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 125.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 59.5
|May precipitation mm = 31.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 17.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 19.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 15.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 44.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 59.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 81.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 85.0

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.1
|Feb precipitation days = 7.6
|Mar precipitation days = 7.0
|Apr precipitation days = 4.4
|May precipitation days = 2.8
|Jun precipitation days = 2.4
|Jul precipitation days = 1.8
|Aug precipitation days = 2.2
|Sep precipitation days = 3.2
|Oct precipitation days = 5.5
|Nov precipitation days = 7.9
|Dec precipitation days = 7.5
|Jan humidity = 76
|Feb humidity = 76
|Mar humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 76
|May humidity = 74
|Jun humidity = 73
|Jul humidity = 72
|Aug humidity = 71
|Sep humidity = 73
|Oct humidity = 75
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 74

|Jan sun = 223
|Feb sun = 210
|Mar sun = 225
|Apr sun = 229
|May sun = 253
|Jun sun = 246
|Jul sun = 256
|Aug sun = 252
|Sep sun = 228
|Oct sun = 210
|Nov sun = 198
|Dec sun = 220
| source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (precipitation and humidity 1961–1990)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_673410_kt.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014011042/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_673410_kt.pdf
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 October 2019
| title = Klimatafel von Maputo-Mavalane (Flugh.) / Mosambik
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| access-date = 4 November 2016
}}</ref> Starlings Roost Weather<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/worldclimate/graphs.php?climate=9120&code=67341
|title= MAPUTO/MAVALANE Climate: 1991–2020
|publisher=Starlings Roost Weather
|access-date= 17 February 2025}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (sun only)<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf 
 |title=STATIONSNUMMER 67341 
 |publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate 
 |access-date=4 November 2016 
 |url-status=deviated
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf 
 |archive-date=16 January 2013 
}}
</ref>
}}

=== Climate change ===
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Maputo in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Goiânia]] in [[Brazil]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|1.8|C-change|F-change}}, and the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the coldest month would increase by {{convert|0.3|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

Moreover, Maputo is particularly vulnerable to impacts such as [[cyclone]]s and flooding caused by [[sea level rise]]. Poverty and inequality, which are concentrated in the overpopulated [[bairro]]s, further exacerbate climate change vulnerabilities in the city.<ref>[http://cdkn.org/resource/urban-planning-mozambique/ A local vision of climate adaptation: Participatory urban planning in Mozambique], Vanesa Castán Broto, Emily Boyd, Jonathan Ensor, Domingos Augusto Macucule and Charlotte Allen, the [[Climate & Development Knowledge Network]], 2014</ref> According to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Maputo is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], [[Lagos]], [[Lomé]], [[Luanda]] and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>