Editing Mantua, Virginia (section)

===Texaco oil leak===
An [[oil terminal|oil distribution plant]], located {{convert|2000|ft|meters}} west of the community along [[Pickett Road]] in [[Fairfax City]], was found in 1990 to have leaked approximately 200,000 gallons (approximately 4,700 barrels) of [[Petroleum product|petroleum]] into {{convert|22|acres|km2}} of the soil and groundwater of the Crook Branch watershed.<ref name="epacleanup">{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/hwcorrectiveactioncleanups/hazardous-waste-cleanup-motiva-enterprises-llc-fairfax-terminal-formerly|title=Hazardous Waste Cleanup: Motiva Enterprises LLC - Fairfax Terminal (Formerly: Star Enterprise) in Fairfax City, Virginia|website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=3 April 2024|date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="epasb1998">{{cite report|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/motiva_star_sb.pdf|title=Statement of Basis: Star Enterprise Terminal, Pickett Road Facility, Fairfax, Virginia|publisher=EPA Region III|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|date=April 1998|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|4}}  At the time, the distribution plant was owned in part by a subsidiary of [[Texaco]].<ref name="epasb1998">{{cite report|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/motiva_star_sb.pdf|title=Statement of Basis: Star Enterprise Terminal, Pickett Road Facility, Fairfax, Virginia|publisher=EPA Region III|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|date=April 1998|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|4}}  The oil leakage may have occurred over up to twenty-five years,<ref name="kyriakos">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/counties/fairfax/longterm/wwlive/mantua.htm|title=Mantua: After the Oil Spill, Life Is Good Again|last=Kyriakos|first=Marianne|date=5 August 1995|website=The Washington Post|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> as the distribution plant had opened in April 1965.<ref name="epacleanup"/><ref name="shuman">{{cite book|last=Shuman|first=Sue Kovach|title=Mantua|series=Images of America|year=2021|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston, South Carolina|isbn=978-1-4671-0674-0|lccn=2021930020}}</ref>{{rp|96}}  Four families were evacuated,<ref name="kyriakos"/> and approximately 100 homes were connected to public water and sewer lines.<ref name="roanoketimes">{{cite news|url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1995/rt9505/950514/05150001.htm|title=Fairfax Community Lives to Fight Oil Underground|author=CNB|newspaper=The Roanoke Times|page=A4|edition=Metro|date=14 May 1995|access-date=11 January 2023|via=Virginia Tech University Libraries}}</ref>  The [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) directed the installation of a "pump-and-treat" [[groundwater remediation]] system, which was augmented in 2000 by digging of horizontal infiltration wells, intended to wash contaminated groundwater into the remediation system.<ref name="epacleanup"/>  [[Storm sewer]]s in the area were checked for leaks and relining was performed to prevent further contamination of surface water.<ref name="epasb1998"/>{{rp|9}} By 2013, a four-year temporary shutdown test had shown that [[benzene]] and [[methyl tert-butyl ether|methyl ''tert''-butyl ether]] vapor intrusion in homes directly above the contaminated groundwater plume calculated from [[sub-slab soil vapor]] sampling did not exceed the screening limit,<ref name="Fan2013">{{cite web|last=Fan|first=Andrew|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/motivaenterprises_shutdownsystemplan.pdf|access-date=3 April 2024|date=29 May 2013|title=Permanent Shut Down Plan for the Offsite Remediation System Motiva Fairfax Terminal|website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> and that groundwater contamination east of the distribution plant had fallen to levels controllable by natural degradation.  The offsite remediation system was removed by 2016, but cleanup at the distribution plant is ongoing.<ref name="epacleanup"/>  The oil distribution plant remains in operation as of 2023 using nine reinforced<ref name="epasb1998"/>{{rp|6}}<ref name="shuman"/>{{rp|106}} surface tanks,<ref name="epacleanup"/> despite objections that community members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/04/23/residents-demand-shutdown-of-fairfax-city-tank-farm/1f9d02a1-7c82-4a0c-b859-ae1867cd8270/|date=23 April 1992|last=Davis|first=Patricia|title=Residents Demand Shutdown of Fairfax City Tank Farm|website=The Washington Post|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref> and a task force appointed by Governor [[L. Douglas Wilder]]<ref name="roanoketimes"/> had raised at the time the leak was being investigated.  All underground tanks have since been removed and piping for trucks to discharge oil residual into at the loading rack was installed in 1991:<ref name="epasb1998"/>{{rp|6}} both the underground tanks and the loading rack had been suspected sources of the leak.<ref name="roanoketimes"/> Groundwater in the Crook Branch watershed continues to be tested annually by the EPA and storm sewers are inspected for cracks.<ref name="Fan2013"/>