Editing Manitoba (section)

===Indigenous societies and European settlement===

Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] people shortly after the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]] glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the [[Turtle Mountain (plateau)|Turtle Mountain]] area.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Ritchie, James AM; Brown, Frank; Brien, David|year=2008|title=The Cultural Transmission of the Spirit of Turtle Mountain: A Centre for Peace and Trade for 10,000 Years|journal=General Assembly and International Scientific Symposium|publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites|volume=16|pages=4–6}}</ref> The [[Ojibwe]], [[Cree]], [[Dene]], [[Sioux]], [[Mandan]], and [[Assiniboine]] peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, [[quartz]] was mined to make [[arrowhead]]s. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where [[Maize|corn]] and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Flynn, Catherine; Syms, E Leigh|date=Spring 1996|title=Manitoba's First Farmers|journal=Manitoba History|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|issue=31}}</ref>

In 1611, [[Henry Hudson]] was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Neatby, LH|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2013|orig-year=1966|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=1|pages=374–379|chapter=Henry Hudson|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212000811/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hudson_henry_1E.html|archivedate=12 February 2016}}</ref> [[Thomas Button]] travelled this area in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Eames, Aled|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=1979|orig-year=1966|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=1|pages=144–145|chapter=Sir Thomas Button|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/button_thomas_1E.html|url-  status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132621/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/button_thomas_1E.html|archivedate=22 December 2015}}</ref> When the British ship ''[[Nonsuch (1650 ship)|Nonsuch]]'' sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, she became the first trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, to which the British government gave absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]], who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company.<ref name="simmons">{{vcite book|author=Simmons, Deidre|title=Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2009|pages=19–23, 83–85, 115|isbn=978-0-7735-3620-3}}</ref> [[York Factory, Manitoba|York Factory]] was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Stewart, Lillian|date=Spring 1988|title=York Factory National Historic Site|journal=Manitoba History|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|issue=15}}</ref>

[[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye]], visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and trade.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Zoltvany, Yves F|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Lava|year=2015|orig-year=1974|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=3|pages=246–254|chapter=Pierre Gaultier De Varennes et De La Vérendrye|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gaultier_de_varennes_et_de_la_verendrye_pierre_3E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105180950/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gaultier_de_varennes_et_de_la_verendrye_pierre_3E.html|archivedate=5 January 2016}}</ref> As French explorers entered the area, a [[Montreal]]-based company, the [[North West Company]], began trading with the local Indigenous people. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in violence, until they merged in 1821 (the [[Hudson's Bay Company Archives]] in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).<ref name="simmons"/>

[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American theatre of the [[Seven Years' War]], better known as the [[French and Indian War]] in North America; lasting from 1754 to 1763. The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk|Lord Selkirk]], north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, led to conflict between British colonists and the Métis.<ref>{{vcite book|author=Gray, John Morgan|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2015|orig-year=1983|editor=Cook, Ramsay|volume=5|pages=264–269|chapter=Thomas Douglas|edition=online|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/douglas_thomas_5E.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094924/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/douglas_thomas_5E.html|archivedate=22 December 2015}}</ref> Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in the [[Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)|Battle of Seven Oaks]] in 1816.<ref>{{vcite journal|author=Martin, Joseph E|year=1965|title=The 150th Anniversary of Seven Oaks|journal=MHS Transactions|publisher=Manitoba Historical Society|volume=3|issue=22}}</ref>