Editing Mammal (section)

===Molecular classification of placentals===
[[File:OrthoMaM v10b 2019 116genera circular tree.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509 [[coding region|coding DNA sequences]].<ref name=Scornavacca2019>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scornavacca C, Belkhir K, Lopez J, Dernat R, Delsuc F, Douzery EJ, Ranwez V | title = OrthoMaM v10: Scaling-up orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 861–862 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30698751 | pmc = 6445298 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msz015 }}</ref> The major clades are coloured: marsupials (magenta), xenarthrans (orange), afrotherians (red), laurasiatherians (green), and euarchontoglirans (blue).]]

As of the early 21st century, molecular studies based on [[DNA]] analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families. Most of these findings have been independently validated by [[retrotransposon]] [[retrotransposon marker|presence/absence data]].<ref name=Kriegs2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Kiefmann M, Jordan U, Brosius J, Schmitz J | title = Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = e91 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16515367 | pmc = 1395351 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placentals—[[Afrotheria]], [[Xenarthra]] and [[Boreoeutheria]]—which [[speciation|diverged]] in the [[Cretaceous]]. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]]. These hypotheses are [[Atlantogenata]] (basal Boreoeutheria), [[Epitheria]] (basal Xenarthra) and [[Exafroplacentalia]] (basal Afrotheria).<ref name=Nishiharaetal2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishihara H, Maruyama S, Okada N | title = Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 13 | pages = 5235–5240 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19286970 | pmc = 2655268 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0809297106 | bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.5235N | doi-access = free }}</ref> Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages—[[Euarchontoglires]] and [[Laurasiatheria]].

Estimates for the divergence times between these three placental groups range from 105 to 120&nbsp;million years ago, depending on the type of DNA used (such as [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] or [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Springer MS, Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ | title = Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 1056–1061 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12552136 | pmc = 298725 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0334222100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.1056S | doi-access = free }}</ref> and varying interpretations of [[paleogeographic]] data.<ref name=Nishiharaetal2009/>
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Mammal phylogeny according to Álvarez-Carretero ''et al.'', 2022:<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Álvarez-Carretero S, Tamuri AU, Battini M, Nascimento FF, Carlisle E, Asher RJ, Yang Z, Donoghue PC, dos Reis M |display-authors=8 |title=A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |date=2022 |pmid= 34937052|pmc= |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1|bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |s2cid=245438816 |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/75979 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:70%
|label1='''Mammalia'''
|1={{Clade
  |label1=[[Yinotheria]]
  |1=[[Monotremata]] [[File:Genera mammalium Ornithorhynchus anatinus.jpg|50 px|''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'']]
  |label2=[[Theria]]
  |2={{Clade
    |label1=[[Marsupialia]]
    |1={{Clade
      |1=[[Paucituberculata]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Paucituberculata).png|50 px]]
      |2={{Clade
        |1=[[Didelphimorphia]] [[File:A hand-book to the marsupialia and monotremata (Plate XXXII) (white background).jpg|50 px]]
        |label2=[[Australidelphia]]
        |2={{Clade
          |1=[[Microbiotheria]]
          |label2=[[Eomarsupialia]]
          |2={{Clade
            |label1=[[Agreodontia]]
            |1={{Clade
              |1=[[Notoryctemorphia]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Notoryctemorphia).png|50 px]]
              |2={{Clade
                |1=[[Peramelemorphia]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Paramelemorphia).png|50 px]]
                |2=[[Dasyuromorphia]] [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Dasyuromorphia).png|50 px]]
                 }}
               }}
            |2=[[Diprotodontia]] [[File:A monograph of the Macropodidæ, or family of kangaroos (9398404841) white background.jpg|50 px|Macropodidæ]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=[[Placentalia]]
    |2={{Clade
      |label1=[[Atlantogenata]]
      |1={{Clade
        |label1=[[Xenarthra]] 
        |1={{Clade
          |1=[[Cingulata]] [[File:Nine-banded-Armadillo white background.jpg|50 px|''Dasypus novemcinctus'']]
          |2=[[Pilosa]] [[File:Natural history of the animal kingdom for the use of young people (Plate XV) (Myrmecophaga tridactyla).jpg|50 px|''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'']]
           }}
        |label2=[[Afrotheria]]
        |2={{Clade
          |label1=[[Paenungulata]]
          |1={{Clade
            |1=[[Hyracoidea]] [[File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg|50 px]]
            |label2=[[Tethytheria]]
            |2={{Clade
              |1=[[Sirenia]] [[File:Manatee white background.jpg|50 px|''Trichechus'']]
              |2=[[Proboscidea]] [[File:Indian elephant white background.jpg|50 px|''Elephas maximus'']]
               }}
             }}
          |label2=[[Afroinsectiphilia]] 
          |2={{Clade
            |1=[[Tubulidentata]] [[File:Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png|50 px]]
            |label2=[[Afroinsectivora]]
            |2={{Clade
              |1=[[Macroscelidea]] [[File:Rhynchocyon chrysopygus-J Smit white background.jpg|50 px]]
              |2=[[Afrosoricida]] [[File:Potamogale velox illustration.jpg|50 px]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
      |label2=[[Boreoeutheria]]
      |2={{Clade

        |label1=[[Laurasiatheria]]
        |1={{Clade
          |1=[[Eulipotyphla]] [[File:Mole white background.jpg|50 px|Talpidae]]
          |label2=[[Scrotifera]]
          |2={{Clade
            |1=[[Chiroptera]] [[File:Vampire bat white background.jpg|50 px|Desmodontinae]]
            |label2=[[Ferungulata]]
            |2={{Clade
              |1=[[Pholidota]] [[File:FMIB 46859 Pangolin a grosse queue white background.jpeg|50 px|Manidae]]
              |2={{Clade
                |1=[[Carnivora]] [[File:Cynailurus guttata - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50px|''Acinonyx jubatus'']]
                |label2=[[Euungulata]]
                |2={{Clade
                  |1=[[Perissodactyla]] [[File:Equus quagga (white background).jpg|50 px|''Equus quagga'']]
                  |2=[[Artiodactyla]] [[File:Walia ibex illustration white background.png|50 px|''Capra walie'']]
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |label2=[[Euarchontoglires]]
        |2={{Clade
          |1={{Clade
            |1=[[Scandentia]] [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 34) (white background).jpg|50 px]]
            |label2=[[Glires]]
            |2={{Clade
              |1=[[Lagomorpha]] [[File:Bruno Liljefors - Hare studies 1885 white background.jpg|50 px|''Lepus'']]
              |2=[[Rodentia]] [[File:Ruskea rotta.png|50 px|''Rattus'']]
               }}
             }}
          |2={{Clade
            |label1=[[Primatomorpha]]
            |1={{Clade
              |1=[[Dermoptera]] [[File:Cynocephalus volans Brehm1883 (white background).jpg|50 px]]
              |2=[[Primate]]s [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 8) (white background).jpg|50 px|''Cebus olivaceus'']] 
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}