Editing Malcolm IV of Scotland (section)

== Malcolm IV and Henry II ==
[[File:Peveril Castle keep, 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Peveril Castle]] in [[Derbyshire]], where Malcolm paid homage to [[Henry II of England |Henry II]] in 1157]]

Malcolm was not only King of Scots but also inherited the Earldom of Northumbria, which his father and grandfather had gained during the wars between [[Stephen of England|Stephen]] and [[Empress Matilda]]. Malcolm granted Northumbria to his brother [[William I of Scotland|William]], keeping [[Cumbria]] for himself. Cumbria was, like the earldoms of Northumbria and [[Earl of Huntingdon|Huntingdon]], and later [[Earl of Chester|Chester]], a fief of the English crown. While Malcolm delayed doing homage to Henry II of England for his possessions in Henry's kingdom, he did so in 1157 at [[Peveril Castle]] in [[Derbyshire]] and later at [[Chester]].<ref name=birth/> Henry II refused to allow Malcolm to keep Cumbria, or William to keep Northumbria, but instead granted the [[Earl of Huntingdon|Earldom of Huntingdon]] to Malcolm, for which Malcolm did homage.<ref>Duncan, p. 72; Barrow, p. 47; [[William of Newburgh]] in ''SAEC'', p. 239.</ref>

After a second meeting between Malcolm and Henry, at [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] in 1158, "they returned without having become good friends, and so that the king of Scots was not yet knighted."<ref>[[Roger of Hoveden]] in ''SAEC'', p. 240.</ref> In 1159 Malcolm accompanied Henry to [[France]], serving at the siege of [[Toulouse]] where he was, at last, knighted. "Whether this was the act of a king of Scots or of an earl of Huntingdon we are not told; it was certainly the act of a man desperate for knightly arms, but that did not make it any more acceptable in Scotland."<ref>Duncan, p. 72.</ref>

Malcolm returned from Toulouse in 1160. At [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], Roger of Hoveden reports, he faced a rebellion by six earls, led by [[Ferchar, Earl of Strathearn|Ferchar]], [[Earl of Strathearn|Mormaer of Strathearn]], who besieged the king.<ref>''Gesta Annalia'', III; ''SAEC'', pp. 241–242; Duncan, pp. 72–73.</ref> Given that Earl Ferchar heads the list of those named, it is presumed that [[Donnchad II, Earl of Fife|Donnchad II]], [[Mormaer of Fife]], was not among the rebels.<ref>Duncan, pp. 72–73.</ref> [[John of Fordun]]'s version in the ''Gesta Annalia'' appears to suggest a peaceful settlement to the affair, and both Fordun and Hoveden follow the report of the revolt and its ending by stating that the king led an expedition into [[Galloway]] where he eventually defeated [[Fergus, Lord of Galloway]] and took his son [[Uchtred, Lord of Galloway|Uchtred]] as a hostage while Fergus became a monk at [[Holyrood Abbey|Holyrood]], dying there in 1161.<ref>''Gesta Annalia'', III.</ref> While it was assumed that the earls included Fergus among their number and that the expedition to Galloway was related to the revolt, it is now thought that the earls sought to have Malcolm attack Galloway, perhaps as a result of raids by Fergus.<ref>Brooke, pp. 91–95; McDonald, ''Outlaws'', pp. 89–91.</ref>

Sometime before July 1163, when he did homage to Henry II, Malcolm was taken seriously ill at [[Doncaster]].<ref>''SAEC'', p. 242.</ref> Scottish sources report that a revolt in Moray brought Malcolm north, and it is said that he:

{{quote|[R]emoved [the men of Moray] from the land of their birth, as of old [[Nebuchadnezzar]], king of [[Babylon]], had dealt with the Jews, and scattered them throughout the other districts of Scotland, both beyond the <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Mounth]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> and this side thereof, so that not even one native of that land abode there.<ref>''Gesta Annalia'', IV; McDonald, ''Outlaws'', pp. 30–31.</ref>}}

Having made peace with Henry, replaced Fergus of Galloway with his sons, and resettled Moray, only one of Malcolm's foes remained, Somerled, by 1160 king of the Isles as well as of Argyll. In 1164, Somerled led a large army of Islesmen and Irishmen to attack [[Glasgow]] and [[Renfrew, Scotland|Renfrew]], where [[Walter Fitzalan]] had newly completed a castle. There Somerled and his son Gillebrigte were killed in battle with the levies of the area, led by the [[Bishop of Glasgow]], probably [[Herbert of Selkirk]] at that time. The chronicles of the day attributed the victory to the intercession of Saint [[Kentigern]].<ref>McDonald, ''Kingdom of the Isles'', pp. 61–67.</ref>