Editing Malaria (section)

===Diagnosis based on skin odor profiles===

Humans emanate a large range of smells. Studies have been conducted on how to detect human malaria infections through volatile compounds from the skin. Volatile biomarkers may be a reliable source for the detection of infection, including those asymptomatic. Using skin body odor profiles can be efficient in diagnosing global populations, and the screening and monitoring of infection to officially eradicate malaria. Research findings have predominantly relied on chemical explanations to explain the differences in attractiveness among humans based on distinct odor profiles. The existence of volatile compounds, like fatty acids, and lactic acid is an essential reason on why some individuals are more appealing to mosquitos than others.

====Volatile compounds====

Kanika Khanna, a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, Berkeley studying the structural basis of membrane manipulation and cell-cell fusion by bacterial pathogens, discusses studies that determine how odor profiles can be used to diagnose the disease. Within the study, samples of volatile compounds from around 400 children within schools in Western Kenya were collected to identify asymptomatic infections. These biomarkers have been established as a non-invasive way to detect malarial infections. In addition, these volatile compounds were heavily detected by mosquito antennae as an attractant, making the children more vulnerable to the bite of the mosquitos.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Khanna K |title=Microbial Origins of Body Odor |url=https://asm.org/articles/2021/december/microbial-origins-of-body-odor |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |date=30 December 2021 }}</ref>

====Fatty acids====

Fatty acids have been identified as an attractive compound for mosquitoes, they are typically found in volatile emissions from the skin. These fatty acids that produce body odor profiles originate from the metabolism of glycerol, lactic acid, amino acids, and lipids through the action of bacteria found within the skin. They create a "chemical signature" for the mosquitoes to locate a potential host, humans in particular.<ref name="Dormont-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dormont L, Mulatier M, Carrasco D, Cohuet A | title = Mosquito Attractants | journal = Journal of Chemical Ecology | volume = 47 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 351–393 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33725235 | doi = 10.1007/s10886-021-01261-2 | bibcode = 2021JCEco..47..351D }}</ref>

====Lactic acid====

Lactic acid, a naturally produced levorotatory isomer, has been titled an attractant of mosquitoes for a long time.{{quantify|date=March 2025}} Lactic acid is predominantly produced by eccrine-sweat glands, creating a large amount of sweat on the surface of the skin. Due to the high levels of lactic acid released from the human body, it has been hypothesized to represent a specific human host-recognition cue for anthropophilic (attracted to humans) mosquitoes.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

====Pungent foot odor====

Most studies use human odors as stimuli to attract host seeking mosquitoes and have reported a strong and significant attractive effect. The studies have found human odor samples very effective in attracting mosquitoes. Foot odors have been demonstrated to have the highest attractiveness to anthropophilic mosquitoes. Some of these studies have included traps that had been baited with nylon socks previously worn by human participants and were deemed efficient in catching adult mosquitos. Foot odors have high numbers of volatile compounds, which in turn elicit an olfactory response from mosquitoes.<ref name="Dormont-2021"/>