Editing Major depressive disorder (section)

===Genetics===
Genes play a major role in the development of depression.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Do MC, Weersing VR |title=The SAGE encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical psychology  |date=3 April 2017 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4833-6582-4 | veditors = Wenzel A |location=Thousand Oaks, California |page=1014 |doi=10.4135/9781483365817 |oclc=982958263 |quote=Depression is highly heritable, as youths with a parent with a history of depression are approximately 4 times as likely to develop the disorder as youths who do not have a parent with depression.}}</ref> [[Behavioural genetics|Family and twin studies]] suggest that genetic factors account for nearly 40% of the variation in risk for major depressive disorder. Like most psychiatric disorders, major depression is likely shaped by a combination of many individual genetic influences.<ref name="h988">{{cite journal | last1=Cui | first1=Lulu | last2=Li | first2=Shu | last3=Wang | first3=Siman | last4=Wu | first4=Xiafang | last5=Liu | first5=Yingyu | last6=Yu | first6=Weiyang | last7=Wang | first7=Yijun | last8=Tang | first8=Yong | last9=Xia | first9=Maosheng | last10=Li | first10=Baoman | title=Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | journal=Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=9 February 2024 | issn=2059-3635 | doi=10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y | doi-access=free | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y.pdf | access-date=17 March 2025 | page=30| pmid=38331979 | pmc=10853571 }}</ref> In 2018, a [[genome-wide association study]] discovered 44 genetic variants linked to risk for major depression;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, etal | title = Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 50 | issue = 5 | pages = 668–681 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29700475 | pmc = 5934326 | doi = 10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3 | hdl = 11370/3a0e2468-99e7-40c3-80f4-9d25adfae485 }}</ref> a 2019 study found 102 variants in the genome linked to depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, Coleman JR, Hagenaars SP, Ward J, Wigmore EM, Alloza C, Shen X, Barbu MC, Xu EY, Whalley HC, Marioni RE, Porteous DJ, Davies G, Deary IJ, Hemani G, Berger K, Teismann H, Rawal R, Arolt V, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Domschke K, Tian C, Hinds DA, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Ripke S, Smith DJ, Sullivan PF, Wray NR, Breen G, Lewis CM, McIntosh AM | title = Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 343–352 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30718901 | pmc = 6522363 | doi = 10.1038/s41593-018-0326-7 }}</ref> However, it appears that major depression is less heritable compared to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Oraki Kohshour | first1=Mojtaba | last2=Strom | first2=Nora I. | last3=Meier | first3=Sandra Melanie | last4=McMahon | first4=Francis J. | last5=Merikangas | first5=Kathleen R. | last6=Schulze | first6=Thomas G. | last7=Mattheisen | first7=Manuel | title=Tasman's Psychiatry | chapter=Genetics of Psychiatric Disorders: Advances in Genetic Epidemiology and Genomic Approaches | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | date=2024 | isbn=978-3-030-51365-8 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_51 | pages=485–510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Jorde LB, Carey JC, Bamshad MJ |title=Medical genetics |date=27 September 2019 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=978-0-323-59653-4 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |page=247 |language=en |oclc=1138027525 |quote=Thus it appears that bipolar disorder is more strongly influenced by genetic factors than is major depressive disorder.}}</ref> Research focusing on specific candidate genes has been criticized for its tendency to generate false positive findings.<ref name="r473">{{cite journal | last1=McIntosh | first1=Andrew M. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Patrick F. | last3=Lewis | first3=Cathryn M. | title=Uncovering the Genetic Architecture of Major Depression | journal=Neuron | volume=102 | issue=1 | date=2019 | pmid=30946830 | pmc=6482287 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.022 | doi-access=free | pages=91–103 | url=http://www.cell.com/article/S0896627319302855/pdf | access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> There are also other efforts to examine interactions between life stress and polygenic risk for depression.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peyrot WJ, Van der Auwera S, Milaneschi Y, Dolan CV, Madden PA, Sullivan PF, Strohmaier J, Ripke S, Rietschel M, Nivard MG, Mullins N, Montgomery GW, Henders AK, Heat AC, Fisher HL, Dunn EC, Byrne EM, Air TA, Baune BT, Breen G, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Martin NG, Nelson EN, Boomsma DI, Grabe HJ, Wray NR, Penninx BW | title = Does Childhood Trauma Moderate Polygenic Risk for Depression? A Meta-analysis of 5765 Subjects From the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 138–147 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29129318 | pmc = 5862738 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.009}}</ref>