Editing Madeleine Albright (section)

== Career ==
=== Early career ===
Albright returned to Washington, D.C., in 1968, and commuted to Columbia for her doctor of philosophy, which she earned in 1975.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=71}} She began fund-raising for her daughters' school, involvement which led to several positions on education boards.{{sfn|Albright|2003|pp=63–66}} She was eventually invited to organize a fund-raising dinner for the 1972 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator [[Ed Muskie]] of Maine.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=65}} This association with Muskie led to a position as his chief legislative assistant in 1976.<ref name=scott99>{{cite magazine| first = A. O.| last = Scott| title = Madeleine Albright: The Diplomat Who Mistook Her Life for Statecraft| url = http://www.slate.com/id/25857/| magazine = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]| date = April 25, 1999| access-date = April 9, 2009| archive-date = September 7, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110907232646/http://www.slate.com/id/25857| url-status = live}}</ref> However, after the [[1976 United States presidential election|1976 U.S. presidential election]] of [[Jimmy Carter]], Albright's former professor Brzezinski was named [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]], and recruited Albright from Muskie in 1978 to work in the [[West Wing]] as the National Security Council's congressional liaison.<ref name=scott99 /> Following Carter's loss in 1980 to [[Ronald Reagan]], Albright moved on to the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, D.C., where she was given a grant for a research project.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=91}} She chose to write on the dissident journalists involved in [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]]'s [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement, then in its infancy but gaining international attention.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=91}} She traveled to Poland for her research, interviewing dissidents in [[Gdańsk]], [[Warsaw]], and [[Kraków]].{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=92}} Upon her return to Washington, her husband announced his intention to divorce her so that he could pursue a relationship with another woman; the divorce was finalized in 1983.{{sfn|Albright|2003|pp=94, 514}}

Albright joined the academic staff at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C., in 1982, specializing in Eastern European studies.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=99}} She also directed the university's program on women in global politics.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=100}} She served as a major [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] foreign policy advisor, briefing vice-presidential candidate [[Geraldine Ferraro]] in 1984 and presidential candidate [[Michael Dukakis]] in 1988 (both campaigns ended in defeat).{{sfn|Albright|2003|pp=102–104}} In 1992, [[Bill Clinton]] returned the [[White House]] to the Democratic Party, and Albright was employed to handle the transition to a new administration at the National Security Council.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=127}} In January 1993, Clinton nominated her to be [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|U.S. ambassador to the United Nations]], her first diplomatic posting.{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=131}}

=== U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations ===
Albright was appointed [[ambassador to the United Nations]], a [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]-level position, shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the U.N., she led the opposition to [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|U.N. secretary-general]], [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], whom she criticized as "disengaged" and "neglect[ful]" of [[genocide in Rwanda]].{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=207}}  The relationship between Albright and [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] was marked by deep tension, political maneuvering, and ultimately, a dramatic and public clash that led to Boutros-Ghali's ouster as UN Secretary-General. Albright was the chief architect of the U.S. campaign to block Boutros-Ghali’s bid for a second term, despite his overwhelming base of support. She was successful in blocking him.<ref> Thomas Blood, '' Madame Secretary'' (1997) pp.199–215.</ref><ref>Linda Fasulo, "Chapter 14, The Coup Against Boutros-Ghali". in Fasulo, ''An Insider’s Guide to the UN'' (4th edition, Yale University Press, 2008, pp. 134-138. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300133516-017 </ref> Albright wrote: "My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States and the international community to act sooner to halt these crimes."{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=147}}

In ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil (book)|Shake Hands with the Devil]]'', [[Roméo Dallaire]] writes that in 1994, in Albright's role as the U.S. [[UN Permanent Representative|Permanent Representative to the U.N.]], she avoided describing the killings in Rwanda as "genocide" until overwhelmed by the evidence for it;<ref>{{cite book
|author-link=Roméo Dallaire
|title=Shake Hands with the Devil
|page=374
|first=Roméo
|last=Dallaire
|date= 2005
|publisher=Carroll & Graf
|isbn=978-0-7867-1510-7
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe9S6SgfeSsC&pg=PA374
|access-date=June 17, 2015
|archive-date=March 18, 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318001625/http://books.google.com/books?id=oe9S6SgfeSsC&pg=PA374
|url-status=live
}}</ref> this is now how she described these massacres in her memoirs.{{sfn|Albright|2003|pp=150-151}} She was instructed to support a reduction or withdrawal (something which never happened) of the [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|U.N. Assistance Mission for Rwanda]] but was later given more flexibility.{{sfn|Albright|2003|pp=150–151}} Albright later remarked in [[PBS]] documentary ''Ghosts of Rwanda'' that "it was a very, very difficult time, and the situation was unclear. You know, in retrospect, it all looks very clear. But when you were [there] at the time, it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda."<ref>{{cite web
 |title        = Interview Madeleine Albright
 |url          = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/interviews/albright.html
 |work         = Ghosts of Rwanda
 |department   = [[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline]]
 |publisher    = PBS
 |date         = April 1, 2004
|access-date  = February 14, 2007
|archive-date = February 26, 2007
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070226180826/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/interviews/albright.html
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>

Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group [[Brothers to the Rescue]] over international waters, she announced at a UN Security Council meeting debating a resolution condemning Cuba: "Frankly, this is not cojones. This is cowardice."<ref name="personal odyssey"/> The line endeared her to President Clinton, who said it was "probably the most effective one-liner in the whole administration's foreign policy".<ref name="personal odyssey">{{cite news
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/albright120696.htm
|title=Albright's Personal Odyssey Shaped Foreign Policy Beliefs
|newspaper=The Washington Post
|date=December 6, 1996
|access-date=October 19, 2022
|archive-date=August 16, 2000
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816071121/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/albright120696.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref> When Albright appeared at a memorial service for the deceased in Miami on March 2, 1996, she was greeted with chants of "libertad".{{sfn|Albright|2003|pp=205-206}}<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000930191401/http://www.cnn.com/US/9603/cuba_shootdown/02/rally/index.html|archivedate=September 30, 2000|title=Exile pilots brave foul weather, mourn comrades|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9603/cuba_shootdown/02/rally/index.html|date=March 2, 1996|accessdate=October 19, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1996, Albright entered into a secret pact with [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]], [[Michael A. Sheehan|Michael Sheehan]], and [[James Rubin]] to overthrow U.N. secretary-general Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was running unopposed for a second term in the [[1996 United Nations Secretary-General selection|1996 selection]]. After 15 U.S. peacekeepers died in a [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)#Raid|failed raid in Somalia]] in 1993, Boutros-Ghali became a political scapegoat in the United States.<ref name="wapost_obituary">{{cite news|last1=Goshko|first1=John M.|title=Boutros Boutros-Ghali, U.N. secretary general who clashed with U.S., dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/boutros-boutros-ghali-un-secretary-general-who-clashed-with-us-dies-at-93/2016/02/16/8b727bb8-d4c1-11e5-be55-2cc3c1e4b76b_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 16, 2016|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=February 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216174419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/boutros-boutros-ghali-un-secretary-general-who-clashed-with-us-dies-at-93/2016/02/16/8b727bb8-d4c1-11e5-be55-2cc3c1e4b76b_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They dubbed the pact "Operation Orient Express" to reflect their hope that other nations would join the United States.<ref name="clarke2004">{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard |title-link=Against All Enemies|title=Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror |page=[https://archive.org/details/againstallenemie00clar/page/201 201] |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-6024-4 }}</ref> Although every other member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] voted for Boutros-Ghali, the United States refused to yield to international pressure to drop its lone veto. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy and became the only U.N. secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. The United States then fought a four-round veto duel with France, forcing it to back down and accept [[Kofi Annan]] as the next secretary-general. In his memoirs, Clarke said that "the entire operation had strengthened Albright's hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration".<ref name="clarke2004" />

=== Secretary of State ===
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration|List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State}}

When Clinton began his second term in January 1997, following his re-election, he required a new Secretary of State, as incumbent [[Warren Christopher]] was retiring.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98241235/ |title=Albright Shines During Hearing |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=January 9, 1997 |newspaper=[[Hartford Courant]] |page=A4 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054549/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98241235/hartford-courant/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The top level of the Clinton administration was divided into two camps on selecting the new foreign policy. Outgoing Chief of Staff [[Leon Panetta]] favored Albright, but a separate faction went for different candidates such as Senator [[Sam Nunn]] of Georgia, Senator [[George J. Mitchell]] of Maine, and former Assistant Secretary of State [[Richard Holbrooke]].{{sfn|Blood|1997|pp=12-17}} Albright orchestrated a campaign on her own behalf that proved successful.{{sfn|Blood|1997|pp=25-34}} When Albright took office as the 64th U.S. Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, she became the first female U.S. Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government at the time of her appointment.<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://secretary.state.gov/www/albright/albright.html
 |title       = Biography: Madeleine Korbel Albright
 |publisher   = Office of the US Secretary of State
 |access-date  = July 9, 2010
|url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160204185811/http://secretary.state.gov/www/albright/albright.html
 |archive-date = February 4, 2016
}}</ref> Not being a natural-born citizen of the U.S., she was not eligible as a [[United States presidential line of succession|U.S. presidential successor]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Roos |first=Dave |url=https://www.history.com/news/presidential-succession-designated-survivor-history |title=Presidential Succession: How the 'Designated Survivor' Fits In |publisher=History |date=April 19, 2021 |accessdate=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302122324/https://www.history.com/news/presidential-succession-designated-survivor-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American foreign policy in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the Middle East. Following the [[Dayton Agreement]], in which a cease-fire in the [[Bosnian War]] was reached, President Clinton committed to sending American troops to Bosnia to enforce the agreement, as strongly recommended by Albright.{{sfn|Blood|1997|p=158}} According to Albright's memoirs, she once argued with [[Colin Powell]] for the use of military force by asking, "What's the point of you saving [[Military of the United States|this superb military]] for, Colin, if we can't use it?"{{sfn|Albright|2003|p=182}} Albright strongly advocated for U.S. economic sanctions against [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Iraq.{{sfn|Blood|1997|pp=105-106}}

As Secretary of State, she represented the U.S. at the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] on July 1, 1997. She along with the British contingents boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the Chinese-appointed [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Hong Kong Legislative Council]], which replaced the elected one.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/10/hong.kong.us/index.html
|title=U.S. to Boycott Seating of New Hong Kong Legislature
|publisher=CNN
|date=June 10, 1997
|access-date=October 19, 2022
|archive-date=January 28, 1999
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128055902/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/10/hong.kong.us/index.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In October 1997, she voiced her approval for national security exemptions to the [[Kyoto Protocol]], arguing that [[NATO]] operations should not be limited by controls on [[greenhouse gas emissions]], and hoped that other NATO members would also support the exemptions at the [[United Nations Climate Change conference#1997: COP 3, Kyoto, Japan|Third Conference of the Parties]] in Kyoto, Japan.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hermann|first1=Burkely|date=January 20, 2022|title=National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol|language=en|publisher=[[National Security Archive]]|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/environmental-diplomacy/2022-01-20/national-security-and-climate-change-behind-us|url-status=live|access-date=March 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123162738/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/environmental-diplomacy/2022-01-20/national-security-and-climate-change-behind-us|archive-date=January 23, 2022|series=[[National Security Archive#Publications|Briefing Book]] # 784}}</ref>

[[File:Houghton house Netanyahu Albright Arafat.jpg|thumb|left|Albright with [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (left) and [[Yasser Arafat]] at the [[Wye River Memorandum]], 1998]]
According to several accounts, [[Prudence Bushnell]], [[United States Ambassador to Kenya|U.S. ambassador to Kenya]], repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in [[Nairobi]], including in a letter directly addressed to Albright in April 1998. Bushnell was ignored.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/010999africa-bomb.html
|title=Before Bombings, Omens and Fears
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|access-date=June 1, 2009
|archive-date=December 16, 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074539/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/010999africa-bomb.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> She later stated that when she spoke to Albright about the letter, Albright told her that it had not been shown to her.<ref>PBS Documentary</ref> In ''Against All Enemies'', Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed]] in August 1998. "What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy?" Clarke asked. "The Republicans in Congress will go after you." "First of all, I didn't lose these two embassies", Albright shot back. "I inherited them in the shape they were."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=Richard A.|title=Against All Enemies|date=2004|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-6640-6|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kdIMPo0ZE0C&q=First+of+all,+I+didn%27t+lose+these+two+embassies,&pg=PA206|access-date=October 27, 2020|archive-date=March 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054548/https://books.google.com/books?id=8kdIMPo0ZE0C&q=First+of+all%2C+I+didn%27t+lose+these+two+embassies%2C&pg=PA206|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1998, at the [[NATO summit]], Albright articulated what became known as the "three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication – because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fas.org/man/nato/news/1998/98120904_tlt.html|title=News from the USIA Washington File|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]|access-date=November 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617002800/http://fas.org/man/nato/news/1998/98120904_tlt.html|archive-date=June 17, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Madeleine Albright NATO.jpg|thumb|With NATO officers during NATO Ceremony of Accession of New Members, 1999]]

In February 1998, Albright partook in a town-hall style meeting at [[St. John Arena]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] where she, [[William Cohen]], and [[Sandy Berger]] attempted to make the case for military action in Iraq. The crowd was disruptive, repeatedly drowning out the discussion with boos and anti-war chants. James Rubin downplayed the disruptions, claiming the crowd was supportive of a war policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN – U.S. policy on Iraq draws fire in Ohio – February 18, 1998|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9802/18/town.meeting.folo/|access-date=March 24, 2022|publisher=CNN|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107092037/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9802/18/town.meeting.folo/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, both Bill Clinton and Albright insisted that an attack on [[Saddam Hussein]] could be stopped only if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections.<ref>{{cite news
|title =Hussein seeks 'just' solution to standoff
|url =http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9811/13/iraq.03/
|publisher =CNN
|date= November 13, 1998
|access-date =June 21, 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070117152630/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9811/13/iraq.03/
|archive-date = January 17, 2007}}</ref>

In an interview on [[The Today Show]], February 19, 1998, Albright said "If we have to use force, it is because we are America; we are the indispensable nation. We stand tall and we see further than other countries into the future...."<ref>[[Middle East International]] No 571, March 27, 1998; p.6</ref> 

Albright was a leading proponent of the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] as a means to ending the [[Kosovo War]], leading to popular media to describe it as "Madeleine's War".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stojanovic |first1=Dusan |title=Balkans split over Madeleine Albright's wartime legacy |url=https://apnews.com/article/madeleine-albright-diplomacy-belgrade-serbia-europe-0f3d82c0417f061f48b092812a1bc609 |work=The Associated Press |date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaacson |first1=Walter |title=Madeleine's war |url=https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1999/05/10/albright.html |work=CNN |date=10 May 1999}}</ref>

Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet [[Kim Jong-il]], the then-leader of communist [[North Korea]], during an official state visit to that country in 2000.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/albright.html
|title=Frontline: Kim's Nuclear Gamble: Interviews: Madeleine Albright
|publisher=PBS
|date=March 27, 2003
|access-date=June 1, 2009
|archive-date=March 28, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328115809/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/albright.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

On January 8, 2001, in one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright made a farewell call to Kofi Annan and said that the U.S. would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its [[weapons of mass destruction]] as a condition of lifting economic sanctions, even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_01/alia/a1010801.htm
 |title       = U.S. Will Maintain Pressure on Iraq, Albright Says
 |publisher   = United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy
 |date        = January 8, 2001
|access-date  = June 1, 2009
|url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605054044/http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_01/alia/a1010801.htm
 |archive-date = June 5, 2009
}}</ref>

Albright received the U.S. Senator [[H. John Heinz III]] Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by the [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards Foundation]], in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National – Jefferson Awards Foundation|access-date=August 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Post-Clinton administration ===
[[File:Madeleine Albright at WEF.jpg|thumb|right|Madeleine Albright at the [[World Economic Forum]]]]

Following Albright's term as Secretary of State, Czech president [[Václav Havel]] spoke openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him. Albright was reportedly flattered, but denied ever seriously considering the possibility of running for office in her country of origin.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/659215.stm
|title=EUROPE &#124; Albright Tipped for Czech Presidency
|work=[[BBC News]]
|date=February 28, 2000
|access-date=June 1, 2009
|archive-date=April 6, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406160106/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/659215.stm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Albright was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2001.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-date=May 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021801/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Also that year, Albright founded the [[Albright Group]], an international strategy consulting firm based in Washington, D.C., that later become the [[Albright Stonebridge Group]].<ref name="bw-profile">{{cite magazine|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5910760|title=The Albright Group LLC|magazine=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]|year=2008|access-date=December 28, 2008|archive-date=August 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823072823/http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5910760|url-status=dead}}</ref> Affiliated with the firm is [[Albright Capital Management]], which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets.<ref name="brochure">{{cite web|url=http://www.albrightcapital.com/images/ACM%20Form%20ADV%20Part%202A%20-%20Final%203-18-16.pdf|title=Albright Capital Management LLC – Brochure|date=March 18, 2016|publisher=[[Albright Capital Management]]|access-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129021339/http://www.albrightcapital.com/images/ACM%20Form%20ADV%20Part%202A%20-%20Final%203-18-16.pdf|archive-date=November 29, 2016}}</ref>

Albright accepted a position on the board of directors of the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE) in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-02-fi-rup2.5-story.html|title=NYSE Nominates Ex-Secretary of State|date=May 2, 2003|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 23, 2022|archive-date=March 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054548/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-02-fi-rup2.5-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, she declined to run for re-election to the board in the aftermath of the [[Richard Grasso]] compensation scandal, in which Grasso, the chairman of the NYSE board of directors, had been granted $187.5&nbsp;million in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Andrew Countryman |author2=Tribune staff reporter |title=NYSE includes 3 new names for board |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2005-02-19-0502190101-story.html |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=February 19, 2005 |accessdate=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054550/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the tenure of the interim chairman, [[John S. Reed]], Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board's nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board's permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/04/02/Business/Interim_NYSE_chairman.shtml
|title=Business: Interim NYSE chairman to stay another year
|newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]]
|access-date=June 1, 2009
|archive-date=June 4, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604161517/http://www.sptimes.com/2004/04/02/Business/Interim_NYSE_chairman.shtml
|url-status=live
}}</ref> According to ''[[PolitiFact]]'', Albright opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], although after the U.S. was committed to the war, she said she would support the President.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Washington|first1=District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW|last2=Dc 20006|title=PolitiFact – In foreign policy spat, Bernie Sanders suggests Madeleine Albright supported Iraq invasion|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/feb/07/bernie-sanders/foreign-policy-spat-bernie-sanders-suggests-madele/|access-date=March 24, 2022|website=@politifact|language=en-US|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204170307/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/feb/07/bernie-sanders/foreign-policy-spat-bernie-sanders-suggests-madele/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Albright served on the board of directors for the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and on the International Advisory Committee of the [[Brookings Doha Center]].<ref name="board_of_directors"/> As of 2016, she was the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the [[Georgetown University School of Foreign Service]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mortara.georgetown.edu/faculty|title=Faculty – Mortara Center for International Studies|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195804/https://mortara.georgetown.edu/faculty|url-status=live}}</ref> Albright served as chairperson of the [[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs]] and as president of the [[Truman Scholarship Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truman.gov/officers-board-trustees|title=The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation – Officers & Board of Trustees|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200832/http://www.truman.gov/officers-board-trustees|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also the co-chair of the [[Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/legal-empowerment/reports-of-the-commission-on-legal-empowerment-of-the-poor/making-the-law-work-for-everyone---vol-ii---english-only/making_the_law_work_II.pdf|title=Making the Law Work for Everyone – Group Report – Volume II|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202903/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/legal-empowerment/reports-of-the-commission-on-legal-empowerment-of-the-poor/making-the-law-work-for-everyone---vol-ii---english-only/making_the_law_work_II.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and was the chairwoman of the [[Council of Women World Leaders]] ''Women's Ministerial Initiative'' up until November 16, 2007, when she was succeeded by [[Margot Wallström]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unfoundation.org/features/Ministerial-Initiatives.html|title=United Nations Foundation – Ministerial Initiatives|publisher=[[United Nations Foundation]]|access-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129021354/http://www.unfoundation.org/features/Ministerial-Initiatives.html|archive-date=November 29, 2016}}</ref>

Albright guest starred on the television drama ''[[Gilmore Girls]]'' as herself on October 25, 2005.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvoEpp41gQs
| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/RvoEpp41gQs| archive-date=October 28, 2021|title=Madeleine Albright on Gilmore girls
| date=October 23, 2006|via=YouTube
|access-date=December 10, 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
She also made a guest appearance on ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'', in the eighth episode of the seventh season.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://themuse.jezebel.com/madeleine-albright-loved-her-waffle-date-with-leslie-kno-1685246272
|title=Madeleine Albright Loved Her Waffle Date With Leslie Knope
|date=February 11, 2015
|publisher=Jezebel
|access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> Albright also appeared in two episodes of the CBS series [[Madam Secretary (TV series)|''Madam Secretary'']] to offer advice to the fictional Secretary of State. In a later episode, she was joined by former Secretaries of State, [[Colin Powell]] and [[Hillary Clinton]]. 

At the [[National Press Club (USA)|National Press Club]] in Washington, D.C., on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she and William Cohen would co-chair a new [[Prevention of Genocide Task Force|Genocide Prevention Task Force]]<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12773216
|title=How to stop genocide &#124; Preventing genocide
|newspaper=The Economist
|date=December 11, 2008
|access-date=June 1, 2009
|archive-date=February 28, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228214726/http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12773216
|url-status=live
}}</ref> created by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], the [[American Academy of Diplomacy]], and the [[United States Institute of Peace]]. Their appointment was criticized by [[Harut Sassounian]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 21, 2007|title=Secretaries Albright and Cohen Should be Removed from Genocide Task Force|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/secretaries-albright-and-_b_73628|access-date=March 24, 2022|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217095424/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/secretaries-albright-and-_b_73628|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Armenian National Committee of America]], as both Albright and Cohen had spoken against a Congressional resolution on the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.asbarez.com/2008/12/08/armenian-americans-criticize-hypocrisy-of-genocide-prevention-task-force-co-chairs/
|title=Armenian Americans Criticize Hypocrisy of Genocide Prevention Task Force Co-Chairs
|newspaper=Asbarez
|access-date=June 22, 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Kerry Greets Former Secretary Albright.jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] greets Albright, February 6, 2013]]

Albright endorsed and supported [[Hillary Clinton]] in her [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|2008 presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/2008/03/24/albright-pushing-for-clinton/64292647007/ |title=Albright pushing for Clinton |publisher=Gainesville.com |accessdate=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054552/https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/2008/03/24/albright-pushing-for-clinton/64292647007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Albright was a close friend of Clinton and served as an informal advisor on foreign policy matters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98241615/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=September 9, 2007 |title=Diplomacy veterans lend policy advice |page=A13 |newspaper=[[The Commercial Appeal]] |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054555/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98241615/the-commercial-appeal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 1, 2008, President-elect [[Barack Obama]] nominated then-Senator Clinton for Albright's former post of Secretary of State.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7758673.stm|title=Clinton named Secretary of State|date=December 1, 2008|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128201616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7758673.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

During this period, she also served as a business consultant and brand ambassador for [[Herbalife]],<ref name="NY Post - Madeline Albright - Herbalife">{{cite web |last1=Celarier |first1=Michelle |title=Madeline Albright is freaking out over her role as Herbalife cheerleader |url=https://nypost.com/2014/04/17/ex-secretary-of-state-albright-sweats-herbalife-ties/ |website=nypost |date=April 17, 2014 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Intercept - Madeleine Albright">{{cite web |last1=Schwarz |first1=jON |title=RIP Madeleine Albright and Her Awful, Awful Career |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/03/25/madeleine-albright-dead-iraq-war-herbalife/ |website=The Intercept |date=March 25, 2022 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> a global [[multi-level marketing]] (MLM) corporation that develops and sells dietary supplements. The company is alleged to be a fraudulent [[pyramid scheme]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bartz |first1=Diane |last2=Flaherty |first2=Michael |title=Herbalife settles pyramid scheme case with regulator, in blow to Pershing's Ackman |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-herbalife-probe-ftc-idUSKCN0ZV1F7/ |website=Reuters |publisher=Thompson-Reuters |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="FTC Release - Herbalife">{{cite web |title=Herbalife Will Restructure Its Multi-level Marketing Operations and Pay $200 Million For Consumer Redress to Settle FTC Charges |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2016/07/herbalife-will-restructure-its-multi-level-marketing-operations-pay-200-million-consumer-redress |website=Federal Trade Commission |date=July 15, 2016 |publisher=United States of America |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

[[File:LBJ Foundation DIG14155-46 (37248704094).jpg|thumb|[[Bob Schieffer]] and Madeleine Albright at the [[LBJ Presidential Library]] in 2017]]

In September 2009, Albright opened an exhibition of her personal jewelry collection at the [[Museum of Art and Design]] in New York City, which ran until January 2010.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/article186583.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195355/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/article186583.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=November 28, 2016
|title=Madeleine Albright reveals Brooch Diplomacy Pinned Down Adversaries
|work=The Sunday Times
|location=London
|date=October 4, 2009
|access-date=November 28, 2016
|first=Christina
|last=Lamb}}</ref> In 2009, Albright also published the book ''Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box'' about her pins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/madeleine-albright-on-her-life-in-pins-149191/|title=Madeleine Albright on Her Life in Pins|first=Megan|last=Gambino|website=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=March 23, 2022|archive-date=March 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323192159/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/madeleine-albright-on-her-life-in-pins-149191/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2012, when speaking at an [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|Obama campaign]] event in [[Highlands Ranch, Colorado]], Albright was asked the question "How long will you blame that [[George W. Bush Administration|previous administration]] for all of your problems?", to which she replied "Forever".<ref>{{cite news |title=Madeleine Albright campaigns for Obama: We're going to blame Bush 'forever' |first=Charlie |last=Spiering |url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/madeleine-albright-campaigns-for-obama-were-going-to-blame-bush-forever/article/2505479 |newspaper=Washington Examiner |date=August 21, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829122229/http://washingtonexaminer.com/madeleine-albright-campaigns-for-obama-were-going-to-blame-bush-forever/article/2505479 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madeleine Albright: Dems should blame George W. Bush 'forever' |first=Kevin |last=Robillard |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0812/79937.html |newspaper=Politico |date=August 21, 2012 |access-date=August 26, 2012 |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825005349/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0812/79937.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2012, Albright appeared in a video on the official Twitter feed for the Democratic Party, responding to then-GOP candidate [[Mitt Romney]]'s assertion that Russia was the "number-one geopolitical foe" of the United States. According to Albright, Romney's statement was proof that he had "little understanding of what was actually going on in the 21st Century [and] he is not up to date and that is a very dangerous aspect [of his candidacy]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/TheDemocrats/status/260497619862835201 |title=Romney, who calls Russia our "No. 1 geopolitical foe," doesn't seem to realize it's the 21st century. #RomneyNotReady |access-date=December 2, 2017 |archive-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214051104/https://twitter.com/TheDemocrats/status/260497619862835201 |url-status=live }}{{Primary source inline|date=March 2022}}</ref>

Albright described [[Donald Trump]] as "the most [[Anti-Americanism|un-American]], [[Democratic backsliding#Causes and characteristics|anti-democratic]] leader" in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/03/599120190/madeleine-albright-warns-dont-let-fascism-go-unnoticed-until-its-too-late|title=Madeleine Albright Warns: Don't Let Fascism Go 'Unnoticed Until It's Too Late'|publisher=NPR|access-date=April 4, 2018|language=en|archive-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404000139/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/03/599120190/madeleine-albright-warns-dont-let-fascism-go-unnoticed-until-its-too-late|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/381552-madeleine-albright-trump-is-the-most-anti-democratic-president-in/|title=Madeleine Albright: Trump is the most anti-democratic president in American history|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|date=April 4, 2018|work=The Hill|access-date=April 4, 2018|language=en|archive-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404123628/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/381552-madeleine-albright-trump-is-the-most-anti-democratic-president-in|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 10, 2020|title=Albright: Trump the most un-American, undemocratic, president in U.S. history|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/albright-trump-most-un-american-134215883.html|access-date=December 1, 2021|publisher=Yahoo! Life|language=en-US|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201171615/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/albright-trump-most-un-american-134215883.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She also criticized the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] for its delay in filling some diplomatic posts as a sign of "disdain for diplomacy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/362548-albright-trumps-disdain-for-diplomacy-creating-a-national-security/|title=Albright: Trump's 'disdain for diplomacy' creating a 'national security emergency'|last=Samuels|first=Brett|date=November 30, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=April 4, 2018|language=en|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090427/http://thehill.com/policy/international/362548-albright-trumps-disdain-for-diplomacy-creating-a-national-security|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-national-security-emergency-were-not-talking-about/2017/11/29/9fddd7ba-d53b-11e7-a986-d0a9770d9a3e_story.html|title=Opinion {{!}} The national security emergency we're not talking about|last=Albright|first=Madeleine K.|date=November 29, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 4, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405091947/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-national-security-emergency-were-not-talking-about/2017/11/29/9fddd7ba-d53b-11e7-a986-d0a9770d9a3e_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After 2016, Albright served as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group, a consulting firm,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Albright Stonebridge Group|url=http://www.albrightstonebridge.com/about-us|publisher=Albright Stonebridge Group|access-date=November 28, 2016|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119091810/http://www.albrightstonebridge.com/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> and chair of the advisory council for [[The Hague Institute for Global Justice]], which was founded in 2011 in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{YouTube|xxPjuObF-W8|"Madeleine Albright in Board of The Hague Institute for Global Justice"}}, YouTube. uploaded May 31, 2011, by THIGJTHIGJ.</ref> She also served as an Honorary Chair for the [[World Justice Project]] (WJP).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://worldjusticeproject.org/honorary-chairs
|title=Honorary Chairs
|publisher=World Justice Project
|access-date=November 28, 2016
|archive-date=November 21, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121174634/http://worldjusticeproject.org/honorary-chairs
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The WJP works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the [[rule of law]] for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://worldjusticeproject.org/what-we-do
|title=What We Do |publisher=World Justice Project
|access-date=November 28, 2016
|archive-date=November 22, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122051041/http://worldjusticeproject.org/what-we-do
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

=== Investments ===
Albright was a co-investor with [[Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild]], and [[George Soros]] in a $350&nbsp;million investment vehicle called [[Helios Towers]] Africa, which intends to buy or build thousands of [[mobile phone tower]]s in Africa.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/2348046/Soros-Albright-Rothschild-In-350M-Deal.html|author=Soros, Albright|title=Rothschild in $350m Deal|date=November 30, 2009|magazine=Institutional Investor|access-date=March 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830065447/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/2348046/Soros-Albright-Rothschild-In-350M-Deal.html| archive-date=August 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url        = http://www.heliosinvestment.com/support/uploads/1264527494251109_release.pdf
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140326163633/http://www.heliosinvestment.com/support/uploads/1264527494251109_release.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-date = March 26, 2014
|title      = Soros Joins Top Names in African Deal
 |first      = Lauren
 |last       = Mills
 |publisher  = Helios Investment
 |access-date = March 26, 2014
}}</ref>