Editing Māori language revival (section)

==Kōhanga reo==
{{Language with name/for|mi|'''Kōhanga reo'''|[[language nest]]}} is a [[whānau]] (family) development and [[language revitalisation|language-revitalisation]] initiative grounded in [[Māori culture|Māori cultural principles]] and ideals. It facilitates the growth and development of mokopuna (grandchildren) through the transmission of Māori language, knowledge and culture. The kōhanga reo movement operates from the Māori philosophical world view and is principally guided by [[kaumātua]] (respected elders).

Individual kōhanga reo are autonomously run by their respective whānau, which consists of a "collective group of teachers, parents, local elders, and members of the Māori community".<ref>King, Jeanette. 2001. Te kōhanga reo: Māori language revitalization. In The green book of language revitalization in practice, ed. Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, 123. New York: Academic Press.</ref> While funded by governmental quarterly grants from the Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust, kōhanga reo often also charge additional fees to cover operational costs. These fees, determined by each whānau, are generally comparable to or less expensive than traditional child-care.<ref> King, Jeanette. 2001. Te kōhanga reo: Māori language revitalization. In The green book of language revitalization in practice, ed. Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, 119–128. New York: Academic Press.</ref> Conducted entirely in Māori, a kōhanga reo is an environment where 0–6-year-olds,<ref>Schooling is compulsory from age 6 in New Zealand</ref> kaumātua and whānau spend time together talking, playing, praying and learning. Daily activities may take place anywhere that is safe and warm including [[marae]] (traditional community meeting places), converted homes or purpose-built centres.

Emerging in the late 1970s at the direction of kaumātua, kōhanga reo was an immediate and urgent response to the decline of the Māori language and tikanga Māori. [[Jean Puketapu]] and [[Iritana Tawhiwhirangi]] were among the early leaders when the first kōhanga reo was founded in [[Wainuiomata]] in 1982.<ref name="first">{{cite news|last1=Thomson|first1=Rebecca|title=Celebrating New Zealand's first kohanga reo – 150 Years of News|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/hutt-valley/73945639/celebrating-new-zealands-first-kohanga-reo--150-years-of-news |accessdate=10 May 2017|work=The Dominion Post|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Three years later there were over 300 operating.<ref name="first" /> The success of kōhanga reo is such that they have been followed by the establishment of [[primary school]]s and [[secondary school]]s ([[kura kaupapa Māori]]) where Māori is the primary language of instruction. The role of Māori language in education in New Zealand is enshrined in the Education Act 1989.<ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM175959.html Education Act 1989]</ref>

The kōhanga reo concept has led to other before-school initiatives in New Zealand that instruct in Pacific languages, e.g. [[Fijian language|Fijian]], [[Cook Islands Maori|Rarotongan]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], and [[Tongan language|Tongan]] and other countries adopting a similar concept. A notable example being ''[[Pūnana Leo]]'' established in Hawaii to revitalise the indigenous [[Hawaiian language]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Neason|first1=Alexandria|title=How Hawaiian Came Back From the Dead|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/tomorrows_test/2016/06/how_the_ka_papahana_kaiapuni_immersion_schools_saved_the_hawaiian_language.html|website=www.slate.com|publisher=Slate|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref>