Editing Luzon (section)

=== Before European colonization ===
{{Further|History of Luzon|Tondo (historical polity)|Cainta (historical polity)|Namayan|Maynila (historical polity)|Ma-i|Pangasinan (historical polity)}}Before 1000 CE, the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]], and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastal [[polity|polities]], notably [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]], [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and [[Namayan]]. The oldest known Philippine document, written in 900, is the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], which names places in and around [[Manila Bay]] and also mentions [[Medan]], a place in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |title=Laguna Copperplate Inscription |url=http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |archive-date=2008-02-05 |access-date=2010-12-19 |website=Mts.net |language=en}}</ref> These coastal Philippine kingdoms were [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]], based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities, and structured by leases between chiefs or lords (''[[Datu]]'') and paramount lords (''[[Lakan]]'') or [[Rajah]]s, by whom tributes were extracted and taxes were levied.

There was also a Buddhist polity known as [[Ma-i]] or Maidh, described in Chinese and Bruneian records in the 10th century, although its location is still unknown and scholars are divided on whether it is in modern-day [[Bay, Laguna]] or [[Bulalacao]], [[Mindoro]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Go |first=Bon Juan |date=2005 |title=Ma'I in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223 |url-status=live |journal=Philippine Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=119–138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021221348/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223 |archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| title = Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History| last1 = Scott| first1 = William Henry| publisher = New Day Publishers| date = 1989| location = Quezon City| isbn = 978-9711002268| chapter = Societies in Prehispanic Philippines}}</ref>

According to sources at the time, the trade in large native [[List of Japanese tea ceremony equipment#Shimamono|''Ruson-tsukuri'']] (literally ''Luzon-made'', Japanese:[[wikt:呂|呂]][[wikt:宋|宋]][[wikt:製|製]]) clay jars used for storing [[green tea]] and [[rice wine]] with Japan flourished in the 12th century, and local [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] and [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]] potters had marked each jar with [[Baybayin]] letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain [[kiln]]s were renowned over others; prices depended on the reputation of the kiln.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manansala |first=Paul Kekai |date=2006-09-05 |title=Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary) |url=http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006/09/luzon-jars-glossary.html |access-date=2010-12-19 |website=Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan |language=en |archive-date=September 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904183539/http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006/09/luzon-jars-glossary.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines South East Asia Pottery – Philippines]. Seapots.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019011022/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines |date=October 19, 2014 }}</ref> Of this flourishing trade, the ''Burnay'' jars of [[Ilocos]] are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.

In the early 1300s the Chinese annals, ''Nanhai zhi'', reported that Hindu Brunei invaded or administered [[Sarawak]] and [[Sabah]] as well as the Philippine kingdoms of [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], and in Luzon: [[Ma-i]] (Mindoro) and Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day [[Manila]]); [[Sanmalan|Shahuchong]] 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon or [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]]), Yachen 啞陳 [[Oton]] (Part of the [[Madja-as]] Kedatuan), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Mindanao]]),<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213131445/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf |date=February 13, 2023 }} By Wang Zhenping Page 256.</ref> which would regain their independence at a later date.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072046 | jstor=20072046 | title=From Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century | last1=Ptak | first1=Roderich | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies | date=1998 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=280 | doi=10.1017/S002246340000744X | s2cid=162707729 }}</ref>

In 1405, the [[Yongle Emperor]] appointed a Chinese governor of Luzon, Ko Ch'a-lao, during [[Zheng He]]'s [[Treasure voyages|voyages]].{{sfn|Ho|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EwnzBiM0LmAC&pg=PA33 33]}}{{sfn|Karnow|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&pg=PT84 84]}} China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9 |others=Contributor: Walter Yust |year=1954 |publisher=EncyclopÆdia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&q=vassals |access-date=2019-06-21 |page=75 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195747/https://books.google.com/books?id=9KfnAAAAMAAJ&q=vassals |url-status=live }}</ref> China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWzjAAAAMAAJ "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977], p. 59.</ref>[[File:Bangkajf.JPG|thumb|left|upright|''Bangkang pinawa'', an ancient Philippine [[mortar and pestle]]]]Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were [[Islamization|Islamized]] when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted to [[Islam]], and imported [[Sharif Ali]], a prince from [[Sharifate of Mecca|Mecca]] who became the Sultan of [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]], a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the [[Kingdom of Maynila]] as its puppet-state.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frans Welman|title=Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb7OXcSH7ScC&pg=PA8|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=978-616-222-235-1|pages=8–}}</ref> The invasion of Brunei spread Chinese royal descent like [[Ong Sum Ping]]'s kin and Arab dynasties too into the Philippines like the clan of Sultan [[Sharif Ali]]. However, other Luzon kingdoms resisted Islam, like [[Pangasinan (historical polity)|Pangasinan]]. It had remained a tributary state of China and was a largely [[Sinicization|Sinified]] kingdom, which maintained trade with Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=William Henry |date=1989 |title=Filipinos in China in 1500 |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Asian Studies |language=en |volume=21 |page=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724123829/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-21-1983/scott.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-24 |access-date=2015-06-10}}</ref> The [[Cainta (historical polity)|Polity of Cainta]] also existed as a fortified city-state, armed with walls and cannons.