Editing Lucifer (section)

== Christianity ==
{{main|Devil in Christianity}}

=== In the Bible ===
[[File:Lucifer Liege Luc Viatour new.jpg|thumb|''[[Le génie du mal]]'' (1848) by [[Guillaume Geefs]] ([[Liège Cathedral]]), known in English as ''The Genius of Evil, The Spirit of Evil, The Lucifer of Liège'', or simply ''Lucifer''.]]
In the [[Book of Isaiah]], [[Isaiah 14|chapter 14]], the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|king of Babylon]] is condemned in a [[Prophecy|prophetic vision]] by the prophet [[Isaiah]] and is called {{lang|he|הֵילֵל&nbsp;בֶּן-שָׁחַר}} ({{transliteration|he|Helel ben [[Shahar (god)|Shachar]]}}, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for "shining one, son of the morning"),<ref name="Eerdmans">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22any+Canaanite+myth%22&pg=PA511 |first1=James D. G.|last1=Dunn |first2=John William|last2=Rogerson |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0 |page=511 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|date=2003 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> who is addressed as {{lang|he|הילל בן שחר}} ({{transliteration|he|Hêlêl ben Šāḥar}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://interlinearbible.org/isaiah/14-12.htm |title=Isaiah 14 Biblos Interlinear Bible |publisher=Interlinearbible.org |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813202038/http://interlinearbible.org/isaiah/14-12.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wlc.hebrewtanakh.com/isaiah/14.htm |title=Isaiah 14 Hebrew OT: Westminster Leningrad Codex |publisher=Wlc.hebrewtanakh.com |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123173517/http://wlc.hebrewtanakh.com/isaiah/14.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Astronomy – Helel, Son of the Morning|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy|encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia|edition=1906|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927075003/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilken|first=Robert|title=Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian and Medieval Commentators|date=2007|publisher=Wm Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids MI|isbn=978-0-8028-2581-0|pages=171}}</ref> The title {{transliteration|he|"Hêlêl ben Šāḥar"}} refers to the planet [[Venus]] as the morning star, and that is how the Hebrew word is usually interpreted.<ref name="MM-Isa14">{{cite web|title=Isaiah Chapter 14|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1014.htm|website=mechon-mamre.org|publisher=The Mamre Institute|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626222240/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1014.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Gunkel expressly states that "the name Helel ben Shahar clearly states that it is a question of a nature myth. Morning Star, son of Dawn has a curious fate. He rushes gleaming up towards heaven, but never reaches the heights; the sunlight fades him away." ([https://archive.org/details/schpfungundchao01zimmgoog/page/n151 ''Schöpfung und Chaos'', p. 133])</ref> The Hebrew word transliterated as {{transliteration|he|Hêlêl}}<ref name="biblesuite">{{cite web | url=http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/heilel_1966.htm | title=Hebrew Concordance: hê·lêl – 1 Occurrence – Bible Suite | work=Bible Hub | publisher=Biblos.com | location=[[Leesburg, Florida]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034733/https://biblehub.com/hebrew/heilel_1966.htm%20 | url-status=live }}</ref> or {{transliteration|he|Heylel}},<ref name="H1966">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1966&t=KJV |title=Strong's Concordance, H1966 |access-date=2012-06-27 |archive-date=2019-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118040624/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1966&t=KJV |url-status=live }}</ref> occurs only once in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref name="biblesuite" /> The [[Septuagint]] renders {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} in [[Greek language|Greek]] as {{lang|grc|Ἑωσφόρος}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.septuagint.org/LXX/Isaiah/14 |title=LXX Isaiah 14 |publisher=Septuagint.org |access-date=22 December 2012 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034723/http://www.septuagint.org/LXX/Isaiah/14%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/23_014.htm |title=Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX): Isaiah 14 |publisher=Bibledatabase.net |access-date=22 December 2012 |language=el |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115082309/http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/23_014.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sepd.biblos.com/isaiah/14.htm |title=LXX Isaiah 14 |publisher=Biblos.com |access-date=6 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034745/https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/14.htm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/sep/isa014.htm#012 |title=Septuagint Isaiah 14 |publisher=Sacred Texts |access-date=6 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034720/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/sep/isa014.htm#012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Isaiah&c=14&t=LXX |title=Greek Septuagint (LXX) Isaiah – Chapter 14 |publisher=Blue Letter Bible |access-date=6 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034737/https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/isa/14/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{transliteration|grc|Heōsphoros}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4W5gzptzfxUC&q=heosphoros+septuagint&pg=136 |title=The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth |author=Neil Forsyth |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]| isbn=978-0-691-01474-6 |date=1989 |page=136 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD6-YKBqGr0C&q=heosphoros+septuagint&pg=PA35 |title=The Devil: What Does He Look Like? |author=Nwaocha Ogechukwu Friday |publisher=American Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-58982-662-5 |date=30 May 2012 |page=35 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> "bringer of dawn", the [[Ancient Greek]] name for the morning star.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Bernard A.; with word definitions by J. Lust|title=Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint|date=2009|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.|location=Peabody, Mass.|isbn=978-1-56563-516-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&q=%E1%BC%91%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&pg=256|edition=Expanded|author2=Eynikel, E.|author3=Hauspie, K.|page=256|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2020-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212182108/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&q=%E1%BC%91%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&pg=256|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Is this comment worth keeping, especially in the lead? (In spite of the unanimous testimony of published texts of the Septuagint, [[Kaufmann Kohler]] says that the Greek Septuagint translation is "[[Phosphorus (morning star)|Phosphoros]]".)<ref name=Kohler1923/> --> Similarly the [[Vulgate]] renders {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} in [[Latin]] as {{lang |la |Lucifer}}, the name in that language for the morning star. According to the [[King James Bible]]-based [[Strong's Concordance]], the original Hebrew word means "shining one, light-bearer", and the English translation given in the King James text is the Latin name for the planet Venus, "Lucifer",<ref name="H1966" /> as it was already in the [[Wycliffe Bible]].

However, the translation of {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} as "Lucifer" has been abandoned in modern English translations of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations render {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} as "morning star" ([[New International Version]], [[New Century Version]], [[New American Standard Bible]], [[Good News Bible|Good News Translation]], [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]], [[Contemporary English Version]], [[Common English Bible]], [[Messianic Bible translations|Complete Jewish Bible]]), "daystar" ([[New Jerusalem Bible]], [[The Message (Bible)|The Message]]), "Day Star" ([[New Revised Standard Version]], [[English Standard Version]]), "shining one" ([[New Life Version]], [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|New World Translation]], [[JPS Tanakh]]), or "shining star" ([[New Living Translation]]).

In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning star" occurs begins with the statement: "On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has ended!"<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:3–4|NIV}}</ref> After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues:

{{blockquote|How you have fallen from heaven, ''morning star'', son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, "I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of [[Mount Aqraa|Mount Zaphon]]. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High." But you are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit. Those who see you stare at you, they ponder your fate: "Is this the man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would not let his captives go home?"<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:12–17|NIV}}</ref>}}

For the unnamed "king of Babylon",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC&q=Dempsey+%22king+remains+obscure%22&pg=PA34 |title=Isaiah: God's Poet of Light |author=Carol J. Dempsey |publisher=Chalice Press |page=34 |isbn=978-0-8272-1630-3 |date=2010 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC&q=Dempsey%20%22king%20remains%20obscure%22&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref> a wide range of identifications have been proposed.<ref name="Manley">{{cite book|editor-last=Manley|editor-first=Johanna|title=Isaiah through the Ages|date=1995|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|location=Menlo Park, Calif.|isbn=978-0-9622536-3-8|pages=259–260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&q=manley+%22assyrian+rather+than+a+Babylonian%22&pg=PA260|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054402/https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&q=manley%20%22assyrian%20rather%20than%20a%20Babylonian%22&pg=PA260|url-status=live}}</ref> They include a [[Babylonia#Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)|Babylonian]] ruler of the prophet [[Isaiah]]'s own time,<ref name=Manley/> the later [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], under whom the [[Babylonian captivity]] of the Jews began,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Breslauer|editor-first=S. Daniel|title=The seductiveness of Jewish myth : challenge or response?|url=https://archive.org/details/seductivenessjew00bres|url-access=limited|date=1997|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0-7914-3602-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/seductivenessjew00bres/page/n280 280]}}</ref> or [[Nabonidus]],<ref name=Manley/><ref name="Melugin">{{cite book|author=Roy F. Melugin|title=New Visions of Isaiah|date=1996|publisher=Continuum International|location=Sheffield|isbn=978-1-85075-584-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA_odaujfPMC&q=%22specific+ruler+of+Babylon%22&pg=PA116|author2=Marvin Alan Sweeney|access-date=22 December 2012|page=116|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054414/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA_odaujfPMC&q=%22specific+ruler+of+Babylon%22&pg=PA116|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] kings [[Tiglath-Pileser III|Tiglath-Pileser]], [[Sargon II]] and [[Sennacherib]].<ref name="Laney">{{cite book|last=Laney|first=J. Carl|title=Answers to Tough Questions from Every Book of the Bible|date=1997|publisher=Kregel Publications|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=978-0-8254-3094-7|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&q=Laney+%22king+of+babylon++mentioned%22&pg=PA127|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165712/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&q=Laney+%22king+of+babylon++mentioned%22&pg=PA127|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Doorly|first=William J.|title=Isaiah of Jerusalem|date=1992|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8091-3337-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPGVPbOXbccC&q=Doorly+%22identification+of+the+king%22&pg=PA93|access-date=22 December 2012|page=93|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215810/https://books.google.com/books?id=oPGVPbOXbccC&q=Doorly+%22identification+of+the+king%22&pg=PA93|url-status=live}}</ref> Verse 20 says that this king of Babylon will not be "joined with them [all the kings of the nations] in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, thou hast slain thy people; the seed of evil-doers shall not be named for ever", but rather be cast out of the grave, while "All the kings of the nations, all of them, sleep in glory, every one in his own house."<ref name="MM-Isa14"/><ref>Isaiah 14:18</ref> Herbert Wolf held that the "king of Babylon" was not a specific ruler but a generic representation of the whole line of rulers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolf|first=Herbert M.|title=Interpreting Isaiah: The Suffering and Glory of the Messiah|date=1985|publisher=Academie Books|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=978-0-310-39061-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6YdyS_ATEC&q=herbert+wolf+%22refer+to+a+specific+ruler%22&pg=PA112|page=112|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054404/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6YdyS_ATEC&q=herbert+wolf+%22refer+to+a+specific+ruler%22&pg=PA112|url-status=live}}</ref>

Isaiah 14:12 became a source for the popular conception of the [[fallen angel]] motif.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzog|first=Schaff-|title=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Chamier-Draendorf|date=1909|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Co.|location=USA|isbn=1-4286-3183-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCc4MjCe7B4C&q=heylel&pg=PA400|edition=Volume 3|editor=Samuel MacAuley Jackson|editor2=Charles Colebrook Sherman|editor3=George William Gilmore|page=[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03/Page_400.html 400]|quote=Heylel (Isa. xiv. 12), the "day star, fallen from heaven," is interesting as an early instance of what, especially in pseudepigraphic literature, became a dominant conception, that of fallen angels.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Rabbinical Judaism|Rabbinic Judaism]] has rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bamberger|first=Bernard J.|title=Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm|date=2006|publisher=Jewish Publ. Soc. of America|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=0-8276-0797-0|edition=1. paperback|pages=148, 149}}</ref> In the 11th century, the ''[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'' illustrates the origin of the "fallen angel myth" by giving two accounts, one relates to the angel in the [[Garden of Eden]] who seduces Eve, and the other relates to the angels, the {{transliteration|he|[[Sons of God|benei elohim]]}} who cohabit with the daughters of man ([[Genesis 6]]:1–4).<ref>Adelman, Rachel (2009). pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&pg=PA62&dq=%22+Book+of+Enoch%22 61–62].</ref> An association of Isaiah 14:12–18 with a [[Evil#Christianity|personification of evil]], called the [[devil]], developed outside of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism in pseudepigrapha,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/the-jewish-encyclopedia-vol.-8/page/203/mode/2up?view=theater 'The Jewish Encyclopedia', Volume VIII, p. 204, Funk & Wagnalls, London, 1912.]</ref> and later in Christian writings,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&q=Origen+name+Lucifer&pg=PA199 |author=David L. Jeffrey |title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature |isbn=978-0-8028-3634-2 |page=199 |publisher=Eerdmans |date=1992 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054410/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&q=Origen+name+Lucifer&pg=PA199 |url-status=live }}</ref> particularly with the [[apocalypse]]s.<ref name="ODJR">{{cite book |editor-first=Adele |editor-last=Berlin |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=%22expanded+role%22 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=651&dq=%22cast+out+of+heaven+as+a+fallen+angel+(a+misinterpretation+of+Is.%22 651] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-973004-9 |quote=The notion of Satan as the opponent of God and the chief evil figure in a panoply of demons seems to emerge in the Pseudepigrapha ... Satan's expanded role describes him as ... cast out of heaven as a fallen angel (a misinterpretation of ''Is'' 14.12)." |access-date=2020-11-15 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054406/https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=%22expanded+role%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lucifer from Petrus de Plasiis Divine Comedy 1491.png|thumb|right|Illustration of Lucifer in the first fully illustrated print edition of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. [[Woodcut]] for ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', canto 33. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.]]
The [[metaphor]] of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 applied to a king of Babylon gave rise to the general use of the Latin word for "morning star", capitalized, as the original name of the devil before his fall from grace, linking Isaiah 14:12 with [[Luke 10]] ("I saw [[Satan]] fall like lightning from heaven")<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|10:18|NIV}}</ref> and interpreting the passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr |url-access=registration |quote=name Lucifer was born -magazine. |title=The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories |isbn=978-0-87779-603-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/280 280] |publisher=Merriam-Webster |date=1991 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C&q=%22the+name+Lucifer+was+given%22&pg=PA57 |author=Harold Bloom |title=Satan |publisher=Infobase Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7910-8386-4 |page=57 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921023616/https://books.google.com/books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C&q=%22the+name+lucifer+was+given%22&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Considering [[pride]] as a [[seven deadly sins|major sin]] peaking in self-[[deification]], Lucifer ({{transliteration|he|Hêlêl}}) became the template for the devil.<ref>Litwa, M. David (2016). Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046717-3. p. 46</ref> As a result, Lucifer was identified with the devil in Christianity and in Christian popular literature,<ref name=Kohler1923/> as in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', [[Joost van den Vondel]]'s ''Lucifer'', and [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.<ref name="Adelman">{{cite book|last=Adelman|first=Rachel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C|title=The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha|date=2009|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=978-90-04-17049-0|location=[[Leiden]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&pg=PA67&dq=heosphoros+%22Dante+and+Milton%22 67]}}</ref><ref name=reign>{{cite web|url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/quotes/john-milton-satan-reign|website=libertyfund.org|title=John Milton on Satan's Reign in Hell|quote=“Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven”}}</ref>  Early medieval Christianity fairly distinguished between Lucifer and Satan. While Lucifer, as the devil, is fixated in [[hell]], Satan executes the desires of Lucifer as his vassal.<ref>Jeffrey Burton Russell: Biographie des Teufels: das radikal Böse und die Macht des Guten in der Welt. Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2000, retrieved 19 October 2020.</ref><ref>Dendle, Peter (2001). Satan Unbound: The Devil in Old English Narrative Literature. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8369-2.p. 10</ref>

=== Interpretations ===
[[File:Lucifer3.jpg|thumb|[[Gustave Doré]], illustration to ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', book IX, 179–187: "he [Satan] held on / His midnight search, where soonest he might finde / The Serpent: him fast sleeping soon he found"]]
[[File:Cathedral Fribourg vitrail Georg Michael Anna Maria 04.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Józef Mehoffer|J. Mehoffer]], fallen Lucifer and the hound of hell]] 
[[Aquila of Sinope]] derives the word {{transliteration|he|hêlêl}}, the Hebrew name for the morning star, from the verb {{transliteration|he|yalal}} (to lament). This derivation was adopted as a proper name for an angel who laments the loss of his former beauty.<ref>Bonnetain, Yvonne S (2015). Loki: Beweger der Geschichten [Loki: Movers of the stories] {{in lang |de}}. Roter Drache; ISBN 978-3-939459-68-2 / OCLC 935942344. pg. 263</ref> The Christian church fathers – for example [[Jerome]], in his Vulgate – translated this as Lucifer.

Some Christian writers have applied the name "Lucifer" as used in the Book of Isaiah, and the motif of a heavenly being cast down to the earth, to the devil. Sigve K. Tonstad argues that the [[New Testament]] [[War in Heaven]] theme of [[Revelation 12]], in which the dragon "who is called the devil and Satan [...] was thrown down to the earth", was derived from the passage about the Babylonian king in Isaiah 14.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYNJxKrhcDAC&q=Tonstad+%22derives+from+the+poem%22&pg=PA75 |author1=Sigve K Tonstad |title=Saving God's Reputation |isbn=978-0-567-04494-5 |page=75 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |location=London, New York City |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054417/https://books.google.com/books?id=YYNJxKrhcDAC&q=Tonstad+%22derives+from+the+poem%22&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Origen]] (184/185–253/254) interpreted such Old Testament passages as being about manifestations of the devil.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg2RJAIZ4k4C |title=The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition |first=Joseph Francis |last=Kelly |publisher=[[Liturgical Press]] |location=[[Collegeville Township, Stearns County, Minnesota|Collegeville, Minnesota]] |date=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/problemofevilint00jose/page/44 <!-- quote="Origen's approach had an unintended side effect, a new name for the devil""allegorized it as Satan falling from heaven. When Christians translated the phrase""into Latin, they used the word lucifer". --> 44] |isbn=978-0-8146-5104-9}}</ref><ref>Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2004). p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC&pg=PA62&dq=Origen+Lucifer 62].</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC |title=Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation |first=Jan |last=Fekkes |date=1994 |publisher=Continuum |location=London, New York City |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC&pg=187 187] |isbn=978-1-85075-456-5 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054418/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC |url-status=live }}</ref> Origen was not the first to interpret the Isaiah 14 passage as referring to the devil: he was preceded by at least [[Tertullian]] ({{c.|160|225}}), who in his {{lang |la |Adversus Marcionem}} (book 5, chapters 11 and 17) twice presents as spoken by the devil the words of Isaiah 14:14: "I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High".<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:14|NIV}}</ref><ref>Migne, [https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs51unkngoog/page/n260 ''Patrologia latina''], vol. 2, cols. 500 and 514</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tertullian : Ernest Evans, Adversus Marcionem. Book 5 (English) |url=https://www.tertullian.org/articles/evans_marc/evans_marc_12book5_eng.htm |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=www.tertullian.org |archive-date=2021-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801232238/https://www.tertullian.org/articles/evans_marc/evans_marc_12book5_eng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Though Tertullian was a speaker of the language in which the word was created, "Lucifer" is not among the numerous names and phrases he used to describe the devil.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwR74&pg=PA95 |author=Jeffrey Burton Russell |title=Satan: The Early Christian Tradition |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8014-9413-0 |page=95 |date=1987 |access-date=23 December 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Even at the time of [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430), a contemporary of the composition of the Vulgate, "Lucifer" had not yet become a common name for the devil.<ref name="Mask">{{cite book|last=Link|first=Luther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC|title=The Devil: A Mask without a Face|date=1995|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|isbn=978-0-948462-67-2|location=[[Clerkenwell]], London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&pg=PA24 24]|access-date=2016-01-27|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054401/https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Augustine's work {{lang |la |[[Civitas Dei]]}} (5th century) became the major opinion of Western [[demonology]] including in the [[Catholic Church]]. For Augustine, the rebellion of the Devil was the first and final cause of evil. By this he rejected some earlier teachings about Satan having fallen when the world was already created.<ref>Schreckenberg, Heinz; Schubert, Kurt (1992). ''Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity''. Augsburg Fortress, Publishers; ISBN 978-0-8006-2519-1. pg. 253</ref> Further, Augustine rejects the idea that [[envy]] could have been the first sin (as some [[Proto-orthodox Christianity|early Christians believed]], evident from sources like the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'' in which Satan has fallen because he envies humans and refused to prostrate himself before Adam), since pride ("loving yourself more than others and God") is required to be envious ("hatred for the happiness of others").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burns |first1=J. Patout |title=Augustine on the Origin and Progress of Evil |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |date=1988 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–27 |jstor=40015076}}</ref> He argues that evil came first into existence by the [[Free will in theology|free will]] of Satan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Babcock |first1=William S. |title=Augustine on Sin and Moral Agency |journal=The Journal of Religious Ethics |date=1988 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=28–55 |jstor=40015077}}</ref> His attempt to take God's throne is not an assault on the gates of heaven, but a turn to [[solipsism]] in which the Devil becomes God in his world.<ref>Aiello, Thomas (28 September 2010). "The Man Plague: Disco, the Lucifer Myth, and the Theology of 'It's Raining Men': The Man Plague". ''The Journal of Popular Culture''. 43 (5): 926–941. {{doi|10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00780.x}}. {{PMID|21140934}}.</ref> When the king of Babylon uttered his phrase in Isaiah, he was speaking through the sprite of Lucifer, the head of devils. He concluded that everyone who falls away from God are within the body of Lucifer, and is a devil.<ref>Hollerich, M. J.; Christman, A. R. (2007). ''Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian Medieval Commentators''. Cambridge: Eerdmans. pp. 175–176</ref>

Adherents of the [[King James Only movement]] and others who hold that Isaiah 14:12 does indeed refer to the Devil have decried the modern translations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC&q=%22the+KJV+correctly+translates%22&pg=PA94 |title=A Primer on Salvation and Bible Prophecy |author=Larry Alavezos |publisher=TEACH Services |isbn=978-1-57258-640-6 |date=29 September 2010 |page=94 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054414/https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC&q=%22the+KJV+correctly+translates%22&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDrfOawsb4UC&q=%22say+Lucifer+or+morning+star%22&pg=PA64 |author=David W. Daniels |title=Answers to Your Bible Version Questions |isbn=978-0-7589-0507-9 |page=64 |publisher=Chick Publications |date=2003 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054359/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDrfOawsb4UC&q=%22say%20Lucifer%20or%20morning%20star%22&pg=PA64 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&q=%22refers+preeminently+to+Satan%22&pg=PA219 |author=William Dembski |title=The End of Christianity |isbn=978-0-8054-2743-1 |page=219 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |date=2009 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054400/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&q=%22refers+preeminently+to+Satan%22&pg=PA219 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cain">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC |title=The fathers of the church. Jerome. Commentary on Galatians |first=Andrew |last=Cain |date=2011 |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC&pg=PA74&dq=%22As+for+the+specific+reasons+for+Lucifer's+fall,+some+patristic+writers+suggested+pride,+others+envy:+see+N.+Adkin%22%22Pride+or+Envy?+Some+Notes+on+the+Reason+the+Fathers+Give+for+the+Devil's+Fall%22 74] |isbn=978-0-8132-0121-4 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054405/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="one">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C |title=A Companion to Angels in Medieval Philosophy |editor1-first=Tobias |editor1-last=Hoffmann |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C&pg=262&dq=%22The+patristic+tradition+that+Augustine+inherited+did+not+have+a+unified+view+about+the+nature+of+Lucifer%27s+primal+sin%22+Origen+%22pride+%28superbia%22+Tertullian+%22envy+of+humanity+for+being+created+in+the+image+of+God%22 262] |isbn=978-90-04-18346-9 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054401/https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="two">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ |title=Prediche Quaresimali: Divise In Due Tomi |volume=2 |author=Nicolas de Dijon |date=1730 |publisher=Storti |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ&pg=230&dq=Lucifero+invidia+gelosia+Dio+uomo+Tertulliano+Agostino 230] |language=it |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054415/https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> An opposing view attributes to Origen the first identification of the "Lucifer" of Isaiah 14:12 with the Devil and to [[Tertullian]] and [[Augustine of Hippo]] the spread of the story of Lucifer as fallen through pride, envy of God and jealousy of humans.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Corson |url=http://newprotestants.com/LUCIFER.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202201351/http://newprotestants.com/LUCIFER.htm |archive-date=2 February 2013 |title=Who is Lucifer...or Satan misidentified |date=2008 |publisher=newprotestants.com |url-status=usurped |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

The 1409 [[Lollard]] manuscript titled ''[[Great Architect of the Universe#Lanterne of Light classification of demons|Lanterne of Light]]'' associated Lucifer with the [[Seven deadly sins|deadly sin]] of [[pride#sin and self-acceptance|pride]].

[[Protestantism|Protestant]] theologian [[John Calvin]] rejected the identification of Lucifer with Satan or the Devil. He said: "The exposition of this passage, which some have given, as if it referred to Satan, has arisen from ignorance: for the context plainly shows these statements must be understood in reference to the king of the Babylonians."<ref>{{cite book |last=Calvin |first=John |others=Translated by John King |title=Commentary on Isaiah |volume=I:404 |date=2007 |publisher=Forgotten Books |location=Charleston, S.C.}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] also considered it a gross error to refer this verse to the Devil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridderbos |first=Jan |others=Translated by John Vriend |title=The Bible Student's Commentary: Isaiah |page=142 |date=1985 |publisher=Regency |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}</ref>

Counter-Reformation writers, like [[Albertanus of Brescia]], classified the seven deadly sins each to a specific Biblical demon.<ref>Patrick Gilli (ed.). ''La pathologie du pouvoir: vices, crimes et délits des gouvernants: antiquité, moyen âge, époque moderne'' (2016). Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions, vol. 198. Brill. pg. 494</ref> He, as well as [[Peter Binsfield]], assigned Lucifer to the sin of pride.<ref>Levack, B. (2013). ''The Devil Within: Possession and Exorcism in the Christian West''. Yale University Press. pg. 278</ref>

=== Gnosticism ===
Since Lucifer's sin mainly consists of self-deification, some [[Gnostic]] sects identified Lucifer with the [[creator deity]] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref>Litwa, M. David (2016). ''Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-046717-3}}. p. 46</ref> In the [[Bogomilism|Bogomil]] and [[Catharism|Cathar]] text ''[[Book of the Secret Supper|Gospel of the Secret Supper]]'', Lucifer is a glorified angel but fell from heaven to establish his own kingdom and became the [[Demiurge]] who created the material world and trapped [[soul]]s from heaven inside matter. Jesus descended to earth to free the captured souls.<ref>Michael C. Thomsett (2011). ''Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History''. McFarland. {{ISBN|978-0-786-48539-0}} p. 71</ref><ref>Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer (2009). ''The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition''. Shambhala. {{ISBN|978-0-834-82414-0}}. p. 745–755, 831</ref> In contrast to mainstream Christianity, the [[Christian cross|cross]] was denounced as a symbol of Lucifer and his instrument in an attempt to kill Jesus.<ref>Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer (2009). ''The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition''. Shambhala. {{ISBN|978-0-834-82414-0}}. p. 745–755, 751</ref>

=== Latter Day Saint movement ===
Lucifer is regarded within the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] as the [[Mormon cosmology#Pre-mortality|pre-mortal]] name of the Devil. [[Latter-day Saint theology]] teaches that in a [[Mormon cosmology#Council in Heaven|heavenly council]], Lucifer rebelled against the plan of [[God in Mormonism|God the Father]] and was subsequently cast out.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Lucifer|title=Devils|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mormonism|access-date=2017-11-29|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922204853/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Lucifer|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Doctrine and Covenants]] reads:
{{blockquote|And this we saw also, and bear record, that an angel of God who was in authority in the presence of God, who rebelled against the Only Begotten Son whom the Father loved and who was in the bosom of the Father, was thrust down from the presence of God and the Son, and was called Perdition, for the heavens wept over him—he was Lucifer, a son of the morning. And we beheld, and lo, he is fallen! is fallen, even a son of the morning! And while we were yet in the Spirit, the Lord commanded us that we should write the vision; for we beheld Satan, that old serpent, even the devil, who rebelled against God, and sought to take the kingdom of our God and his Christ—Wherefore, he maketh war with the saints of God, and encompasseth them round about.|Doctrine and Covenants 76:25–29<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/76.25-29?lang=eng#p24|title=D&C 76:25–29}}</ref>}}

After becoming Satan by his fall, Lucifer "goeth up and down, to and fro in the earth, seeking to destroy the souls of men."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/10.27?lang=eng|title=D&C 10:27}}</ref> Members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] consider Isaiah 14:12 to be referring to both the king of the Babylonians and the Devil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/gs/lucifer?lang=eng|title=Lucifer |website=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/ot/isa/14.12?lang=eng|title=Isaiah 14:12, footnote c}}</ref>