Editing Lu Xun (section)

=== Education ===
Lu Xun half-heartedly participated in the first, district-level [[civil service examination]] in 1898,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Leo Ou-fan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ECUYCdnb2oC&dq=civil+examination+lu+xun+1898&pg=PA169 |title=Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era |date=1977 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-57911-8 |editor-last=Goldman |editor-first=Merle |pages=169 |language=en |quote="Lu Xun was lured back briefly to take the first-level district examination in 1898."}}</ref> but then abandoned pursuing a traditional Confucian education or career.<ref name="Lovell xv" /> He intended to study at a prestigious school, the "Seeking Affirmation Academy", in Hangzhou, but was forced by his family's poverty to instead study at the "Jiangnan Naval Academy", a tuition-free military school in [[Nanjing]].<ref name="DWE">Denton "WESTERN EDUCATION: 1898–1902"</ref>

As a consequence of Lu's decision to attend a military school specializing in [[Western education]], his mother wept, he was instructed to change his name to avoid disgracing his family,<ref name="Lovell xv" /> and some of his relatives began to look down on him. Lu attended the Jiangnan Naval Academy for half a year, and left after it became clear that he would be assigned to work in an [[engine room]], below deck, which he considered degrading.<ref name="DWE" /> He later wrote that he was dissatisfied with the quality of teaching at the academy.<ref name="Lovell xvi">Lovell 2009 xvi</ref>

After leaving the school, Lu sat for the lowest level of the civil service exams, and finished 137th of 500. He intended to sit for the next-highest level, but became upset when one of his younger brothers died, and abandoned his plans.<ref name="DWE" />

Lu Xun transferred to another government-funded school, the "[[School of Mines]] and Railways", and graduated from that school in 1902. The school was Lu's first exposure to foreign literature, philosophy, history, and science, and he studied English and German intensively. Some of the influential authors that he read during that period include [[T. H. Huxley]], [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Yan Fu]], and [[Liang Qichao]]. His later social philosophy may have been influenced by several novels about social conflict that he read during the period, including ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' and ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''.<ref name="DWE" />

He did very well at the school with relatively little effort, and occasionally experienced racism directed at him from resident Manchu [[Eight Banners|bannermen]]. The racism he experienced may have influenced his later sense of [[Han Chinese]] nationalism.<ref name="DWE" /> After graduating Lu Xun planned to become a foreign doctor.<ref name="Lovell xvi" />

In 1902, Lu Xun left for Japan on a Qing government scholarship to pursue an education in foreign medicine. After arriving in Japan he attended the Kobun Institute, a preparatory language school for Chinese students attending Japanese universities. After encouragement from a classmate, he cut off his [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]] that Han Chinese were obliged to wear at the time, and practiced [[jujutsu]] in his free time. He had an ambiguous attitude towards Chinese revolutionary politics during the period, and it is not clear whether he joined any of the revolutionary parties that were popular among Chinese expatriates in Japan at that time, such as the [[Tongmenghui]]. He experienced [[anti-Chinese racism]], but was simultaneously disgusted with the behaviour of some Chinese who were living in Japan. His earliest surviving essays, written in [[Literary Chinese]], were published while he was attending this school, and he published his first Chinese translations of famous and influential foreign novels, including [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]'' and ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''.<ref name="DJ">Denton "JAPAN: 1902–09"</ref>

In 1904, Lu began studying at the [[Sendai]] Medical Academy in northern [[Honshu]], but remained there for less than two years. He generally found his studies at the school tedious and difficult, partially due to his imperfect Japanese. While studying in Sendai he befriended one of his professors, Fujino Genkurō, who helped him prepare class notes. Because of their friendship Lu was accused by his classmates of receiving special assistance from Fujino.<ref name="DJ" /> Lu later recalled his mentor affectionately in the essay "Mr Fujino", published in ''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk''. The essay has since become one of his most widely renowned works, and is read in the Chinese middle school curriculum. Fujino later reciprocated Lu's respect in an obituary written for Lu after his death in 1937.

[[File:Lu Xun 3 beheading.jpg|thumb|An execution scene, possibly viewed by Lu Xun in 1905|left]]

While Lu Xun was attending medical school, the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) broke out.<ref name=":Qian">{{Cite book |last=Qian |first=Ying |title=Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231204477 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=37}} Part of the war was fought on disputed Chinese land. [[Magic lantern|Lantern slides]] used in the classroom also featured news items.<ref name=":Qian" />{{Rp|page=37}} One news slide showed a public execution of a Chinese prisoner being executed by the Japanese military for being an alleged Russian spy.<ref name=":Qian" />{{Rp|page=37}} The on-lookers shown in the slide were mainly Chinese, and Lu was shocked by what he viewed as their complete apathy.<ref name=":Qian" />{{Rp|page=37}} In his preface to ''Nahan'', the first collection of his short stories, Lu explained how viewing this scene influenced him to quit studying [[Western medicine]], and to become a literary physician to what he perceived to be China's spiritual problems instead:<ref name="Lovell xvi" />

<blockquote>At the time, I hadn't seen any of my fellow Chinese in a long time, but one day some of them showed up in a slide. One, with his hands tied behind him, was in the middle of the picture; the others were gathered around him. Physically, they were as strong and healthy as anyone could ask, but their expressions revealed all too clearly that spiritually they were calloused and numb. According to the caption, the Chinese whose hands were bound had been spying on the Japanese military for the Russians. He was about to be decapitated as a 'public example.' The other Chinese gathered around him had come to enjoy the spectacle.<ref name="DJ" /></blockquote>

In March 1906, Lu Xun abruptly and secretly terminated his pursuit of the degree and left college. At the time he told no one. After arriving in Tokyo he made sure that the Chinese embassy would not cancel his scholarship and registered at the local German Institute, but was not required to take classes there. He began to read [[Nietzsche]], and wrote a number of essays in the period that were influenced by his philosophy.<ref name="DJ" />

In June 1906, Lu's mother heard a rumor that he had married a Japanese girl and had a child with her, and feigned illness as a pretext to ask Lu to return home, where she would then force him to take part in an arranged marriage she had agreed to several years before.<ref>Kowallis 22</ref> The girl, Zhu An, had little in common with Lu, was illiterate, and had been subject to [[foot binding]].<ref>Veg</ref> Lu Xun married her, but they never had a romantic relationship. Despite that fact, Lu took care of her material needs for the rest of his life.<ref name="DJ" /> Several days after the ceremony Lu sailed back to Japan with his younger brother, [[Zhou Zuoren]], and left behind his new wife.<ref name="DJ" />

After returning to Japan he took informal classes in literature and history, published several essays in student-run journals,<ref>Kowallis 20–23</ref> and in 1907 he briefly took Russian lessons. He attempted to found a literary journal with his brother, ''New Life'', but before its first publication its other writers and its financial backers all abandoned the project, and it failed. In 1909 Lu and his brother published their translations of Western fiction, including Edgar Allan Poe,<ref name="ruijuanhao">{{cite journal |last1=Hao |first1=Ruijuan |title=Edgar Allan Poe in Contemporary China |journal=The Edgar Allan Poe Review |date=Winter 2009 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=117–122 |doi=10.2307/41506373 |jstor=41506373 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41506373 |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> as ''Tales from Abroad'', but the book sold only 41 copies of the 1,500 copies that were printed. The publication failed for many reasons: it was only sold in Tokyo, which did not have a large Chinese population, and in a single silk shop in Shanghai. Additionally, Lu wrote in Literary Chinese, which was very difficult for ordinary people to read.<ref name="DJ" />