Editing Louis Comfort Tiffany (section)

===History of Tiffany Studios===
After Tiffany had formed a partnership with Colman, Lockwood DeForest, and Candace Wheeler, and after having incorporated the interior decorating firm of L.C. Tiffany & Associated Artists, a desire to concentrate on art in glass led Tiffany to choose to establish his own glassmaking firm.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch">{{cite book |last1=Kemeny |first1=George |last2=Miller |first2=Donald |editor1-last=Anbinder |editor1-first=Paul |title=Tiffany desk treasures: a collector's guide including a catalogue raisonné of Tiffany Studios and Tiffany Furnaces desk accessories |date=2002 |publisher=Hudson Hills Press |location=New York |isbn=1-55595-217-8 |pages=15 |edition=1. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-sERcg7Ps8C&q=colman,%20lockwood,%20DeForest,%20Candace%20Wheeler |access-date=5 February 2024 |chapter=1 |quote=For nineteen frustrating years he had used commercial glass houses, all the while wanting to be fully in charge of production and design security to supply his Manhattan showroom and clients.}}</ref> The first Tiffany Glass Company was incorporated on December 1, 1885. It became the Tiffany Glass & Decorating Company in 1892, and the Tiffany Studios in 1900.  He had used commercial glass houses for 19 years to supply his Manhattan showroom and clients, but wanted to be fully in charge of production and design security.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Finally, in 1892 he founded his own glassworks, the Louis C. Tiffany Furnaces in Corona Queens.  As a youth Tiffany had attended the Flushing Institute, on Roosevelt Avenue between Main and Union Streets, where Macy's department store now sits.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /><ref name="Tiffany's Flushing Institute education - Queens Library">{{cite web |author1=E.A Fairchild, Principal |title=Flushing Institute |url=http://digitalarchives.queenslibrary.org/browse/flushing-institute-4 |website=Queens Public Library |publisher=Collection: This image is from the Borough President of Queens Photographs and is depicted in a print and digital image.; Image is part of the Borough President of Queens Photographs |access-date=5 February 2024 |location=Queens, New York |date=1859}}</ref> Tiffany was keenly aware of the area's potential and for his furnaces to succeed, he needed to hire the town's pool of experienced immigrant workers, who were then mostly Italian, German, and Irish."<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Tiffany experimented with glass.  Sand for [[Glass coloring and color marking|glassmaking]] was abundantly available at nearby [[Oyster Bay, New York|Oyster Bay]]. Tiffany would eventually oversee two hundred artisans. Among them, [[Clara Driscoll (glass designer)|Clara Driscoll]], whose dragonfly lamp won a prize in the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Paris Exposition]], was by 1904 one of the highest paid women in the world.<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" /> Even some of Tiffany's artists were foreigners, such as [[Venice, Italy|Venetian-born]] Andrea Boldini, and both [[England, UK|Englishmen]] Joseph Briggs and Arthur J. Nash. 

With Tiffany later opening his own glass factory in [[Corona, New York]], he was determined to provide designs that improved the quality of contemporary glass.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Louis Comfort Tiffany|last = Baal- Teshuva|first = Jacob|publisher = Taschen|pages = 22–30}}</ref> The factory was the old [[Louis C. Tiffany|Tiffany Studios]] in [[Corona, Queens]], at the southwest corner of 43rd Avenue and 97th place, where it was used to cast art sculptures of bronze designs for sculptors, and bronze architectural elements such as floor registers, door jambs, window casings, lamps, and sconces, most notably for Tiffany.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /> The building had undergone a metamorphosis of name changes, beginning with the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company, in 1892. In 1893, Tiffany built a new factory called the Stourbridge Glass Company, later called Tiffany Glass Furnaces, which was located in [[Corona, Queens]], hiring the Englishman Arthur J. Nash to oversee it.<ref>{{cite news| editor = Campell, Gordon| title = Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, vol. 2, pp. 464. | publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2006}}</ref> In 1893, his company also introduced the term ''[[Favrile]]'' in conjunction with his first production of blown glass at his new glass factory. Some early examples of his lamps were exhibited in the [[1893 World's Fair]] in [[Chicago]]. 

At the beginning of his career, Tiffany used cheap jelly jars and bottles because they had the mineral impurities that finer glass lacked. When he was unable to convince fine glassmakers to leave the impurities in, he began making his own glass. Tiffany used [[opalescent]] glass in a variety of colors and textures to create a unique style of stained glass. Tiffany acquired Stanford Bray's patent<ref name="Bray patent acquisition">{{cite web |title=Improvement in Joining Glass Mosaics |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US349424A/en |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent Office |access-date=29 December 2023 |quote=The objects of my invention are to provide a cheap, simple, convenient, and expeditious means for joining colored glass mosaics}}</ref> for the "copper foil" technique, which, by edging each piece of cut glass in copper foil and soldering the whole together to create his windows and lamps, made possible a level of detail previously unknown. This can be contrasted with the method of painting in enamels or glass paint on colorless glass, and then setting the glass pieces in lead channels, which had been the dominant method of creating stained glass for hundreds of years in Europe.

Tiffany trademarked ''[[Favrile]]'' (from the old French word for handmade) on November 13, 1894. He later used this word to apply to all of his glass, enamel and pottery. "Tiffany's favrile glass vases were based on Venetian glassmaking techniques mixed with [[ancient Egyptian]] and [[Near Eastern]] inspirations."<ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring">{{cite book |last1=Loring |first1=John |title=Louis Comfort Tiffany at Tiffany & Co |date=2002 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |location=New York, London |isbn=9780810932883 |pages=8–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZSLjgEACAAJ |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref> Tiffany delved into glass-making with interest in Venetian glass-maker [[Antonio Salviati]]. Tiffany would study techniques from Salviati-trained glassmaker, Andrea Boldini. In 1902, Tiffany had been influenced by a ''[[Cyprus|Cypriote]]'' line of jewelry that his father, Charles Lewis Tiffany, had introduced earlier at the [[Turin International|Turin World's Fair]]. He coined this particular line of favrile glass the ''Cypriote'' line.<ref name="Tiffany Nash book" /><ref name="Tiffany at Tiffany & C Loring" /><ref name="LCT artist for the ages - Marilynn Johnson" /><ref name="Tiffany Studios" />

Tiffany's first commercially produced lamps date from around 1895. Much of his company's production was in making stained glass windows and [[Tiffany lamps]], but his company designed a complete range of interior decorations. At its peak, his factory employed more than 300 artisans. "Within this complex, Tiffany carried out experiments in glass colors and pottery glazing, perfected techniques of assembling stained glass windows."<ref name="Tiffany Nash book">{{cite book |last1=Eidelberg |first1=Martin |last2=McClelland |first2=Nany |title=Behind the Scenes of Tiffany Glassmaking: the Nash Notebooks |date=2001 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312282653 |pages=2–10 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id9kQgAACAAJ}}</ref> “By 1901, Tiffany was at the peak of his profession. "At his father's death in 1902, came into an inheritance equivalent today to more than $20 million. At age fifty-four, he was appointed the first design director and vice president of [[Tiffany & Co.]], taking on leading roles in the famous jewelry firm as well as continuing in his own enterprises. Also in 1902 Tiffany formally adopted the trademark Tiffany Studios for all works made in Corona, though the imprint had apparently been used earlier."<ref name="Tiffany Desk Sets - Intro Koch" />