Editing Long Parliament (section)

==The Grand Remonstrance==
[[File:Luciuscary.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|[[Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland|Viscount Falkland]]; killed at [[First Battle of Newbury|Newbury]] in 1643, typical of those moderates who supported reforms, but opposed the [[Grand Remonstrance]] and became [[Cavaliers|Royalists]]]]
This seemed to provide a basis for a programme of constitutional reforms, and Parliament voted Charles an immediate grant of £400,000. The [[Triennial Acts]] required Parliament meet at least every three years, and if the King failed to issue proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. Levying taxes without consent of Parliament was declared unlawful, including Ship money and forced loans, while the [[Star Chamber]] and [[Court of High Commission|High Commission]] courts abolished.{{sfn|Gregg|1981|p=335}}

These reforms were supported by many who later became [[Cavaliers|Royalists]], including [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]], [[Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland|Viscount Falkland]], and [[John Strangways (died 1666)|Sir John Strangways]].{{sfn|Harris|2014|p=411}} Where they differed from Pym and his supporters was their refusal to accept Charles would not keep his commitments, despite evidence to the contrary. He reneged on those made in the 1628 [[Petition of Right]], and agreed terms with the Scots in 1639, while preparing another attack. Both he and [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]] openly told foreign ambassadors any concessions were temporary, and would be retrieved by force if needed.{{sfn|Wedgwood|1958|pp=26–27}}

In this period, 'true religion' and 'good government' were seen as one and the same. Although the vast majority believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was a divinely mandated requirement, they disagreed on what 'well-ordered' meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. Royalists generally supported a [[Church of England]] governed by [[Episcopal polity|bishops]], appointed by, and answerable to, the king; most [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] were [[Puritan]]s, who believed he was answerable to the leaders of the church, appointed by their congregations.{{sfn|Macleod|2009|pp=5–19 passim}}

However, Puritan meant anyone who wanted to reform, or 'purify', the Church of England, and contained many different opinions. Some simply objected to Laud's reforms; [[Presbyterian polity|Presbyterians]] like Pym wanted to reform the Church of England, along the same lines as the [[Church of Scotland]]. [[Independent (religion)|Independents]] believed any state church was wrong, while many were also political radicals like the [[Levellers]]. Presbyterians in England and Scotland gradually came to see them as more dangerous than the Royalists; an alliance between these three groups eventually led to the [[Second English Civil War]] in 1648.{{sfn|Rees| 2016|pp=103-105}}

While it is not clear there was a majority for removing bishops from the Church, their presence in the House of Lords became increasingly resented due to their role in blocking many of these reforms.{{sfn|Rees|2016|pp=7–8}} Tensions came to a head in October 1641 with the outbreak of the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Irish Rebellion]]; both Charles and Parliament supported raising troops to suppress it, but neither trusted the other with their control.{{sfn|Hutton|2003|p=4}}

On 22 November, the Commons passed the [[Grand Remonstrance]] by 159 votes to 148, and presented it to Charles on 1 December. The first half listed over 150 perceived 'misdeeds', the second proposed solutions, including church reform and Parliamentary control over the appointment of royal ministers. In the [[Militia Ordinance]], Parliament asserted control over appointment of army and navy commanders; Charles rejected the Grand Remonstrance and refused to assent to the Militia Ordinance. It was at this point moderates like Hyde decided Pym and his supporters had gone too far, and switched sides.{{sfn|Harris|2014|pp=457-458}}