Editing Location-based service (section)

==Locating methods==
There are a number of ways in which the location of an object, such as a mobile phone or device, can be determined. Another emerging method for confirming location is IoT and blockchain-based relative object location verification.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/connectivity/connectivity/blockchain-comes-to-mapping |title=Blockchain comes to mapping - Smart Cities World |access-date=2019-03-14 |archive-date=2021-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060303/https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/connectivity/connectivity/blockchain-comes-to-mapping |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Control plane locating===
With [[control plane]] locating, sometimes referred to as positioning, the mobile phone service provider gets the location based on the radio signal delay of the closest cell-phone towers (for phones without satellite navigation features) which can be quite slow as it uses the 'voice control' channel.<ref name="shuwang" /> In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], networks do not use trilateration; Because LBS services use a single base station, with a "radius" of inaccuracy, to determine a phone's location. This technique was the basis of the E-911 mandate and is still used to locate cellphones as a safety measure. Newer phones and [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]s typically have an integrated [[Assisted GPS|A-GPS]] chip.

In addition there are emerging techniques like Real Time Kinematics and WiFi RTT (Round Trip Timing) as part of Precision Time Management services in WiFi and related protocols.

In order to provide a successful LBS technology the following factors must be met:
* coordinates accuracy requirements that are determined by the relevant service,
* lowest possible cost,
* minimal impact on network and equipment.

Several categories of methods can be used to find the location of the subscriber.<ref name = "sst"/><ref>[http://www.navigationevent.com/pdf/tyntec_kunz.pdf LBS Positioning Methods]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904005038/http://www.navigationevent.com/pdf/tyntec_kunz.pdf |date=September 4, 2013 }}</ref> The simple and standard solution is LBS based on a [[satellite navigation]] system such as [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] or [[GPS]]. [[Sony Ericsson]]'s "NearMe" is one such example; it is used to maintain knowledge of the exact location. Satellite navigation is based on the concept of [[trilateration]], a basic geometric principle that allows finding one location if one knows its distance from other, already known locations.

=== Self-reported positioning ===
<!-- Check-in#Social_network links here. -->
A low cost alternative to using location technology to track the player, is to not track at all. This has been referred to as "self-reported positioning". It was used in the [[mixed reality game]] called [[Uncle Roy All Around You]] in 2003 and considered for use in the [[Augmented reality]] games in 2006.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Broll | first1 = W. | last2 = Ohlenburg | first2 = J. | last3 = Lindt | first3 = I. | last4 = Herbst | first4 = I. | last5 = Braun | first5 = A. K. | doi = 10.1145/1230040.1230097 | chapter = Meeting technology challenges of pervasive augmented reality games | title = Proceedings of 5th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games - NetGames '06 | page = 28 | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1595935892 | s2cid = 15130951 }}</ref> Instead of tracking technologies, players were given a map which they could pan around and subsequently mark their location upon.<ref name="Flintham2003-URAY"/><ref name="Benford2004-Error"/> With the rise of location-based networking, this is more commonly known as a user "[[Check-in#Social network|check-in]]".

===Other===
{{further|Mobile phone tracking|Locating engine}}

Near LBS (NLBS) involves local-range technologies such as [[Bluetooth Low Energy]], [[wireless LAN]], infrared or [[near-field communication]] technologies, which are used to match devices to nearby services. This application allows a person to access information based on their surroundings; especially suitable for using inside closed premises, restricted or regional area.
Another alternative is an operator- and satellite-independent location service based on access into the deep level telecoms network ([[Signalling System No. 7|SS7]]). This solution enables accurate and quick determination of geographical coordinates of mobile phones by providing operator-independent location data and works also for handsets that do not have satellite navigation capability.

In addition, the [[IP address]] could provide the end-user's location.

Many other [[local positioning systems]] and [[indoor positioning system]]s are available, especially for indoor use. GPS and GSM do not work very well indoors, so other techniques are used, including co-pilot beacon for CDMA networks, Bluetooth, UWB, [[RFID]] and Wi-Fi.<ref>[http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/pubs/speech/preciseindoor10.pdf "Precise Indoor Localization Using Smart Phones"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513155817/http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/pubs/speech/preciseindoor10.pdf |date=2013-05-13 }} E. Martin, O. Vinyals, G. Friedland, R. Bajcsy, ''ACM Multimedia 2010'', 787–790</ref>