Editing Lobbying (section)

==Overview==
[[File:The Wasp 1891-03-14 cover.jpg|thumb|An 1891 cartoon about lobbying an American assemblyman]]
Governments often{{quantify|date=November 2018}} define and regulate organized group lobbying<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225054/http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248 | archive-date=2010-04-02 | title=NP Action - Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/Lobbying/Lobby_Disclosure_Act/3_Definitions.htm | title=U.S. Senate: Definitions }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ft.com/content/4c51c1ec-4c20-11dc-b67f-0000779fd2ac | title=EU lobbyists face tougher regulation &#124; Financial Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= A. Paul Pross |url= http://www.encyclopediecanadienne.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004733 |title= Lobbying – The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher= Encyclopediecanadienne.ca |access-date= 2013-06-20}}</ref> as part of laws to prevent [[political corruption]] and by establishing [[Transparency (behavior)#Politics|transparency]] about possible influences by public [[lobby register]]s.

[[Lobby groups]] may concentrate their efforts on the legislatures, where laws are created, but may also use the judicial branch to advance their causes. The [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]], for example, filed suits in state and federal courts in the 1950s to challenge segregation laws. Their efforts resulted in the Supreme Court declaring such laws unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAACP |last2=People |first2=National Association for the Advancement of Colored |date=2009-02-21 |title=The Civil Rights Era - NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom {{!}} Exhibitions - Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/the-civil-rights-era.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>

Lobbyists may use a legal device known as ''[[amicus curiae]]'' ({{lit|friend of the court}}) briefs to try to influence court cases. Briefs are written documents filed with a court, typically by parties to a lawsuit. ''Amici curiae'' briefs are briefs filed by people or groups who are not parties to a suit. These briefs are entered into the court records and give additional background on the matter being decided upon. Advocacy groups use these briefs both to share their expertise and to promote their positions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=amicus curiae |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/amicus_curiae |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref>

The lobbying industry is affected by the [[Revolving door (politics)|revolving door]] concept, a movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and roles in the [[industry (economics)|industries]] affected by legislation and regulation, as the main asset for a lobbyist is contacts with and influence on government officials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blanes i Vidal |first1=Jordi |last2=Draca |first2=Mirko |last3=Fons-Rosen |first3=Christian |date=2012-12-01 |title=Revolving Door Lobbyists |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3731 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=102 |issue=7 |pages=3731–3748 |doi=10.1257/aer.102.7.3731 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lapira |first1=Timothy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book52376 |title=Revolving Door Lobbying: Public Service, Private Influence, and the Unequal Representation of Interests |last2=Thomas |first2=Herschel |date=2017 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |doi=10.1353/book52376 |isbn=978-0-7006-2451-5|s2cid=259463846 }}</ref> This climate is attractive for ex-government officials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangitano |first=Alex |date=2019-02-12 |title=Ex-lawmakers face new scrutiny over lobbying |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/429513-ex-lawmakers-face-new-scrutiny-over-lobbying/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> It can also mean substantial monetary rewards for lobbying [[firm]]s, and government projects and contracts worth in the hundreds of millions for those they represent.<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |last=Burger |first=Timothy J. |date=2006-02-16 |title=The Lobbying Game: Why the Revolving Door Won't Close |url=https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1160453,00.html |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref><ref name="open">{{cite web | url=http://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/methodology.asp |website=Opensecrets.org | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225101150/http://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/methodology.asp | archive-date=2007-12-25 | title=Revolving Door: Methodology }}</ref>

The international standards for the regulation of lobbying were introduced at four international organizations and supranational associations: 1) the European Union; 2) the Council of Europe; 3) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; 4) the Commonwealth of Independent States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nesterovych|first=Volodyymyr|date=2016|title=International standards for the regulation of lobbying (EU, CE, OECD, CIS)|url=https://www.academia.edu/36969292|journal=Krytyka Prawa|volume=tom 8, nr 2|pages=79–101 |via=Academia.edu }}</ref>

=== Methods ===

In 2013, the director general of the [[World Health Organization]], [[Margaret Chan]], illustrated the methods used in lobbying against public health:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2013/health_promotion_20130610/en/ |title=Opening address at the 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion |first=Margaret |last=Chan |date=10 June 2013 |website=www.who.int |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703020045/https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2013/health_promotion_20130610/en/ |archive-date=3 July 2019 |author-link=Margaret Chan }}.</ref>

{{Blockquote|Efforts to prevent noncommunicable diseases go against the business interests of powerful economic operators. In my view, this is one of the biggest challenges facing health promotion. [...] it is not just Big Tobacco anymore. Public health must also contend with Big Food, Big Soda, and Big Alcohol. All of these industries fear regulation, and protect themselves by using the same tactics. Research has documented these tactics well. They include front groups, lobbies, promises of self-regulation, lawsuits, and [[industry-funded research]] that confuses the evidence and keeps the public in doubt. Tactics also include gifts, grants, and contributions to worthy causes that cast these industries as respectable corporate citizens in the eyes of politicians and the public. They include arguments that place the responsibility for harm to health on individuals, and portray government actions as interference in personal liberties and free choice. This is formidable opposition. [...] When industry is involved in policy-making, rest assured that the most effective control measures will be downplayed or left out entirely. This, too, is well-documented, and dangerous. In the view of WHO, the formulation of health policies must be protected from distortion by commercial or vested interests.}}

Lobbying can be categorized as inside lobbying, which directly interacts with decision-makers, or outside lobbying, which pressures decision-makers through mobilization of public opinion.<ref name="a238">{{cite journal | last1=Dellmuth | first1=Lisa Maria | last2=Tallberg | first2=Jonas | title=Advocacy Strategies in Global Governance: Inside versus Outside Lobbying | journal=Political Studies | volume=65 | issue=3 | date=2017 | issn=0032-3217 | doi=10.1177/0032321716684356 | pages=705–723| url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-134836 }}</ref>