Editing Livermorium (section)

=== Unsuccessful synthesis attempts ===
The first search for element 116, using the reaction between <sup>248</sup>Cm and <sup>48</sup>Ca, was performed in 1977 by Ken Hulet and his team at the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL). They were unable to detect any atoms of livermorium.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.385 |title=Search for Superheavy Elements in the Bombardment of <sup>248</sup>Cm with<sup>48</sup>Ca |year=1977 |last1=Hulet |first1=E. K. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=39 |pages=385–389 |last2=Lougheed |first2=R. |last3=Wild |first3=J. |last4=Landrum |first4=J. |last5=Stevenson |first5=P. |last6=Ghiorso |first6=A. |last7=Nitschke |first7=J. |last8=Otto |first8=R. |last9=Morrissey |first9=D. |last10=Baisden |first10=P. |last11=Gavin |first11=B. |last12=Lee |first12=D. |last13=Silva |first13=R. |last14=Fowler |first14=M. |last15=Seaborg |first15=G. |bibcode=1977PhRvL..39..385H |issue=7 |display-authors=8}}</ref> [[Yuri Oganessian]] and his team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) subsequently attempted the reaction in 1978 and met failure. In 1985, in a joint experiment between Berkeley and Peter Armbruster's team at GSI, the result was again negative, with a calculated [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] limit of 10–100&nbsp;pb. Work on reactions with <sup>48</sup>Ca, which had proved very useful in the synthesis of [[nobelium]] from the <sup>nat</sup>Pb+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction, nevertheless continued at Dubna, with a superheavy element separator being developed in 1989, a search for target materials and starting of collaborations with LLNL being started in 1990, production of more intense <sup>48</sup>Ca beams being started in 1996, and preparations for long-term experiments with 3 orders of magnitude higher sensitivity being performed in the early 1990s. This work led directly to the production of new isotopes of elements 112 to 118 in the reactions of <sup>48</sup>Ca with actinide targets and the discovery of the 5 heaviest elements on the periodic table: [[flerovium]], [[moscovium]], livermorium, [[tennessine]], and [[oganesson]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.406 |title=Attempts to Produce Superheavy Elements by Fusion of <sup>48</sup>Ca with <sup>248</sup>Cm in the Bombarding Energy Range of 4.5–5.2&nbsp;MeV/u |year=1985 |last1=Armbruster |first1=P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=54 |pages=406–409 |pmid=10031507 |last2=Agarwal |first2=YK |last3=Brüchle |first3=W |last4=Brügger |first4=M |last5=Dufour |first5=JP |last6=Gaggeler |first6=H |last7=Hessberger |first7=FP |last8=Hofmann |first8=S |last9=Lemmertz |first9=P |last10=Münzenberg |first10=G. |last11=Poppensieker |first11=K. |last12=Reisdorf |first12=W. |last13=Schädel |first13=M. |last14=Schmidt |first14=K. |last15=Schneider |first15=J. |last16=Schneider |first16=W. |last17=Sümmerer |first17=K. |last18=Vermeulen |first18=D. |last19=Wirth |first19=G. |last20=Ghiorso |first20=A. |last21=Gregorich |first21=K. |last22=Lee |first22=D. |last23=Leino |first23=M. |last24=Moody |first24=K. |last25=Seaborg |first25=G. |last26=Welch |first26=R. |last27=Wilmarth |first27=P. |last28=Yashita |first28=S. |last29=Frink |first29=C. |last30=Greulich |first30=N. |issue=5 |bibcode=1985PhRvL..54..406A |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233843 |display-authors=8}}</ref>

In 1995, an international team led by [[Sigurd Hofmann]] at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]] attempted to synthesise element 116 in a radiative capture reaction (in which the compound nucleus de-excites through pure [[gamma emission]] without evaporating neutrons) between a [[lead]]-208 target and [[selenium]]-82 projectiles. No atoms of element 116 were identified.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-06001.pdf |title=The discovery of elements 107 to 112 |last1=Hofmann |first1=Sigurd |journal=EPJ Web of Conferences |date=1 December 2016 |volume=131 |page=06001 |conference=Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613106001|doi-access=free }}</ref>