Editing Liubo (section)

==Rules==

[[Image:Earthenware figures playing liubo, Han Dynasty 4.JPG|thumb|200px|A close-up view of the board game with game pieces from the Eastern Han tomb model set]]

The exact rules of the game of Liubo are not known, and some of the surviving descriptions of the game are conflicting, which suggests that the game may have been played according to different rules at different times or in different places. The most complete description of the rules of Liubo occurs in a quotation from the lost ''Book of Ancient Bo'' (古博經) in a commentary by Zhang Zhan (張湛) to the ''[[Liezi|Book of Liezi]]'' that was written during the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]]:

<blockquote>
Method of play: Two people sit facing each other over a board, and the board is divided into twelve paths, with two ends, and an area called the "water" in the middle. Twelve game pieces are used, which according to the ancient rules are six white and six black. There are also two "fish" pieces, which are placed in the water. The throwing of the dice is done with a jade. The two players take turns to throw the dice and move their pieces. When a piece has been moved to a certain place it is stood up on end, and called an "owl (梟or驍) ". Thereupon it can enter the water and eat a fish, which is also called "pulling a fish". Every time a player pulls a fish he gets two tokens, and if he pulls two fish in a row he gets three tokens [for the second fish]. If a player has already pulled two fish but does not win it is called double-pulling a pair of fish. When one player wins six tokens the game is won.
</blockquote>

Another, somewhat later source, ''The Family Instructions of Master Yan'' by [[Yan Zhitui]] (531–591) states that there were two variants of Liubo, "Greater Bo" (大博) which was played with six throwing sticks, and "Lesser Bo" (小博) which was played with two dice:<ref>{{cite web | last=Yan | first=Zhitui | author-link=Yan Zhitui | script-title=zh:顏氏家訓/卷第7 |trans-title=The Family Instructions of Master Yan vol. 7 | publisher=維基文庫 (Chinese Wikisource) | language=zh | url=http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E6%B0%8F%E5%AE%B6%E8%A8%93/%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC7 | quote=古为大博则六箸，小博则二茕，今无晓者。比世所行，一茕十二棋，数术浅短，不足可翫。 | access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref>

<blockquote>
The ancient Greater Bo used six sticks, whereas Lesser Bo used two dice. Nowadays there is no-one who knows how to play, but in those days when it was played it used one die and twelve game pieces. It had very little skill, and was not worth playing.
</blockquote>

Most game historians think that Liubo was a [[race game]], and that players moved their six games pieces around the marks on the board. However, others consider Liubo to have been a battle game played with dice or throwing sticks.

There have been several attempts to reconstruct the rules of the game, most notably by [[Yang Lien-sheng|Lien-sheng Yang]], who discusses the game as it was possibly played on [[TLV mirrors]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/2718275 | last=Yang | first=Lien-sheng | title=An Additional Note on the Ancient Game Liu-po | jstor=2718275 | journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | date=June 1952 | pages=124–139}}</ref> Yang theorizes that a player's piece would start on an L-shaped mark and try to move to a V-shaped corner mark depending on the throw of the sticks. Certain throws would allow a player's piece to move into the center and ‘kill’ the opponent's piece if it was already there. Once in the center, a piece could begin to block the enemy's pieces from taking a square. For each block one would gain two points. One could also attempt to recover one's pieces after they are blocked, and would gain three points for doing this. If one failed to win after having blocked two men, then the opponent would gain six points and win the game. The first player to six points would win the game. Jean-Louis Cazaux has reconstructed similar rules for playing Liubo.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cazaux | first=Jean-Louis | title=Reconstructed rules of Liubo | date=2008-01-20 | url=http://history.chess.free.fr/liubo-rules.htm | access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref>  An implementation of these reconstructed rules as a playable computer game has also been attempted.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Ancient Game of Liubo | date=2011-04-11 | url=https://liubo-game.appspot.com | access-date=2011-04-19}}</ref>

In 2019, more than 1000 bamboo slips containing the rules for Liubo have been discovered in [[Marquis of Haihun#Tomb|the tomb of the Marquis of Haihun]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Lost Game's Rules Found in Marquis of Haihun's Tomb | date=2019-03-13 | url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/7470-190313-china-game-rules | access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=China discovers bamboo slips recording rules of ancient board game | date=2019-03-13 | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/13/c_137892029.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313234306/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/13/c_137892029.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 13, 2019 | access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>