Editing List of popes (section)

==== 1st century ====
The chronology of the early popes is heavily disputed. The first ancient lists of popes were not written until the late 2nd century, after the monarchical episcopate had already developed in Rome. These first lists combined contradictory traditions, and even the succession of the first popes is disputed. The first certain dates are AD 222 and 235, the elections of [[Pope Urban I|Urban I]] and [[Pope Liberius|Liberius]]. The years given for the first 30 popes follow the work of [[Richard Adelbert Lipsius]], which often show a 3-year difference with the traditional dates given by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipsius |first=Richard Adelbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnVKgrFFMN8C&pg=PA263 |title=Chronologie der römischen Bischöfe bis zur Mitte des vierten Jahrhunderts |date=1869 |language=de |trans-title=Chronology of the Roman bishops until the middle of the fourth century |location=[[Kiel]] |publisher=Schwersche Buchhandlung |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722224604/https://books.google.com/books?id=jnVKgrFFMN8C&pg=PA263 |url-status=live }}</ref> These are also the dates used by the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm The List of Popes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509181105/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm |date=9 May 2012 }}. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1911. The exception is Saint Peter, who is given the traditional death date of AD 67.</ref>
{{pope list begin portraitless|title=Popes of the 1st century}}
{{pope list item portraitless
| 1
| {{circa}} 30 – {{circa}} 64<br>{{small|(34 years)}}
| '''St [[Saint Peter|Peter]]'''<br>{{small|'''PETRVS'''}}
| [[Bethsaida]], [[Gaulanitis]], [[Herodian tetrarchy]] {{refn|group=birth|name=Bethsaida|No longer inhabited; These lands would be annexed into [[Roman Syria]] by the [[Roman Empire]] during his pontificate.}}
| 
| Born Shimon, son of Yonah. A [[Jew]]ish ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|peregrinus]]'', free provincial subject of the [[Roman Empire]] who was not a [[Roman citizen]]. Feast day ([[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul]]) 29 June. [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] of [[Jesus]]. According to Catholic tradition, he received the keys of the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]] ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] {{bibleref2-nb|Matthew|16:18–19}}). The Catholic Church recognizes him as the first bishop of Rome appointed by Jesus and therefore the first pope. Also revered as saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with a feast day of 29 June.<ref name=EncChrPope>{{cite book |editor1-last = Fahlbusch |editor1-first = Erwin |display-editors=etal |translator-last = Bromiley |translator-first = Geoffrey William |title=Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon |trans-title=The encyclopedia of Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC |access-date=7 September 2011 |volume=4 |year=2005 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |pages=272–282 |chapter=Pope, Papacy |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA272}}</ref> [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City is named after him.
}}
{{pope list item portraitless
| 2
| {{circa}} 64 – {{circa}} 76 (?)<br>{{small|(12 years)}}
| '''St [[Pope Linus|Linus]]'''<br>{{small|'''LINVS'''}}
| [[Volterra]]e, [[Roman Italy|Italia]], [[Roman Empire]]{{refn|group=birth|name=Volterra|Now Volterra, [[Italy]]}}
| 
| First Roman pope. [[Roman citizen]], born in [[Roman Italy|Italia]], the [[homeland]] of the [[ancient Romans]].{{refn|group=birth|name=Italia|Roman citizenship was given to the rest of the Italians by the end of the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]] in 87 BC.}}<ref>Against Heresies 3:3.3</ref> Feast day 23 September. Also revered as a saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with a feast day of 7 June. Possibly mentioned in the [[New Testament]] ([[Second Epistle to Timothy]] {{bibleref2-nb|2 Timothy|4:21}}).<ref name="kirsch">{{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Johann Peter|author-link=Johann Peter Kirsch|chapter-url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09272b.htm |year=1910 |chapter=Pope St. Linus |title=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume=9 |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company|access-date=8 October 2022|archive-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509174936/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09272b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list item portraitless
| 3
| {{circa}} 76 – {{circa}} 88 (?)<br>{{small|(12 years)}}
| '''St [[Pope Anacletus|Anacletus]]'''<br>{{small|'''ANACLETVS'''}}
| [[Athens|Athenae]], [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]], Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Athens|Now Athens, [[Greece]]}}
| 
| First Greek pope. A ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|peregrinus]]'', free provincial subject of the [[Roman Empire]] who was not a [[Roman citizen]]. Feast day 26 April. Once erroneously split into '''Cletus''' and '''Anacletus'''.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm The fourth pope] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508081856/http://newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm |date=8 May 2012 }} Discussed in the article on Clement I</ref> Also revered as a saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with the same feast day.
}}
{{pope list item portraitless
| 4
| {{circa}} 88 – {{circa}} 97 (?)<br>{{small|(9 years)}}
| '''St [[Clement of Rome|Clement I]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS'''}}
| [[History of Rome#Ancient Rome|Roma]], Italia, Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Rome|Now Rome, [[Italy]]}}
| 
| [[Roman citizen]], born in the capital of the [[Roman Empire]]. Feast day 23 November. The earliest [[Apostolic Fathers|Apostolic Father]]; issued [[First Clement]], which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy. Also revered as a saint in [[Eastern Christianity]], with a feast day of 25 November. Possibly mentioned in the [[New Testament]] ([[Epistle to the Philippians]] {{bibleref2-nb| Philippians|4:3}}).<ref>{{cite book |author=Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA363 |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |page=363|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125134433/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA363#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He was martyred by being tied to an anchor and being thrown into the sea.
}}
{{pope list item portraitless
| 5
| {{circa}} 97 – {{circa}} 105 (?)<br>{{small|(8 years)}}
| '''St [[Pope Evaristus|Evaristus]]'''<br>{{small|'''EVARISTVS'''}}
| [[Bethlehem]], [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], Roman Empire{{refn|group=birth|name=Bethlehem|Now Bethlehem, [[Palestine]]}}
| 
| A [[Hellenized Jew]]. A ''[[Peregrinus (Roman)|peregrinus]]'', free provincial subject of the [[Roman Empire]] who was not a [[Roman citizen]]. Feast day of 26 October. Said to have divided Rome into parishes, assigning a priest to each.
}}
{{pope list end}}