Editing Lisbon (section)

===Origins===
[[File:Escavações no Claustro da Sé de Lisboa.jpg|thumb|left|Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the [[Lisbon Cathedral]]]]

During the [[Neolithic]] period, the region was inhabited by Pre-Celtic tribes, who built religious and funerary monuments, [[megalith]]s, [[dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s, which still survive in areas on the periphery of Lisbon.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rodrigo Banha da Silva |title=A ocupação da idade do bronze final da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): novos e velhos dados sobre os antecedentes da cidade de Lisboa |journal=Cira Arqueologia |date=September 2013 |issue=2, Tejo, palco de interação entre Indígenas e Fenícios |url=http://www.cm-vfxira.pt/files/3/documentos/2013091715584601248.pdf |series=Cira Arqueologia II |publisher=Museu da Rede Portuguesa de Museus |language=pt |access-date=21 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621220603/http://www.cm-vfxira.pt/files/3/documentos/2013091715584601248.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Indo-European]] population, thus giving rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or [[Sefes]].

Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's [[Castelo de São Jorge|Castelo]] hill are known to be no older than the 2nd century BC, recent archaeological finds have shown that [[Iron Age]] people occupied the site from the 8th to 6th centuries BC.<ref name="Bellard2003">{{cite book |author=Carlos Gómez Bellard |title=Ecohistoria del paisaje agrario: La agricultura fenicio-púnica en el Mediterráneo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |year=2003 |publisher=Universitat de València |isbn=978-84-370-5508-4 |page=213 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128213419/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Arruda2002">{{cite book |author=Ana Margarida Arruda |author-link=Ana Margarida Arruda |title=Los fenicios en Portugal: fenicios y mundo indígena en el centro y sur de Portugal (siglos VIII-VI a.C.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Carrera Edició |isbn=978-84-88236-11-1 |pages=113–115 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128191049/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Laidlar1997">{{cite book |author=John Laidlar |title=Lisbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K80UAQAAIAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Clio Press |isbn=978-1-85109-268-0 |page=63}}</ref> This indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects. Archaeological excavations made near the [[São Jorge Castle|Castle of São Jorge]] (''Castelo de São Jorge'') and [[Lisbon Cathedral]] indicate there may have been a Phoenician presence at this location since 1000 BC,<ref name="Whitfield2005" /> and it can be stated with confidence that a Phoenician trading post stood on a site<ref name="Pilkington2013">{{cite thesis |author1=Nathan Laughlin Pilkington |title=An Archaeological History of Carthaginian Imperialism |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |website=Academic Commons, Columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=19 August 2014 |page=170 |year=2013 |doi=10.7916/D80G3SCF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211757/http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WrightSwift1971">{{cite book |author1=David Wright |author2=Patrick Swift |title=Lisbon: a portrait and a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1971 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=978-0-214-65309-4 |page=150 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> now the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wachsmann |first1=Shelley |last2=Dunn |first2=Richard K. |last3=Hale |first3=John R. |last4=Hohlfelder |first4=Robert L. |last5=Conyers |first5=Lawrence B. |last6=Ernenwein |first6=Eileen G. |last7=Sheets |first7=Payson |last8=Blot |first8=Maria Luisa Pienheiro |last9=Castro |first9=Filipe|last10=Davis|first10=Dan |title=The Palaeo-Environmental Contexts of Three Possible Phoenician Anchorages in Portugal |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2009 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=221–253 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00224.x |url=http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |bibcode=2009IJNAr..38..221W |s2cid=130964094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013091642/http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> The sheltered harbour in the [[Tagus River]] [[estuary]] was an ideal spot for an [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning trading ships.<ref name="PereiraMata2012">{{cite book |author1=Pedro Telhado Pereira |author2=Maria Eugénia Mata |title=Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City: Lisbon 1890–1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBz_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5382-9 |pages=123–124 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128210637/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBz_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes, providing an outlet for the valuable metals, salt and salted-fish they collected, and for the sale of the [[Lusitano|Lusitanian horses]] renowned in antiquity.

According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the Greek mythical king of Ithaca, [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.<ref name="Jack2019"/>