Editing Lavandula (section)

== Taxonomy ==
''[[Lavandula stoechas]]'', ''[[Lavandula pedunculata|L.&nbsp;pedunculata]]'', and ''[[Lavandula dentata|L.&nbsp;dentata]]'' were known in Roman times.<ref name="Lis">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gmsF-FQWuUC |editor-last=Lis-Balchin |editor-first=Maria |year=2002 |title=Lavender: The genus ''Lavandula'' |location= London, England, UK |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=0-415-28486-4}}</ref>{{rp|51}} From the Middle Ages onwards, the European species were considered two separate groups or genera, ''Stoechas'' (''L.&nbsp;stoechas'', ''L.&nbsp;pedunculata'', ''L.&nbsp;dentata'') and ''Lavandula'' (''L.&nbsp;spica'' and ''L.&nbsp;latifolia''), until [[Carl Linnaeus]] combined them. He recognised only five species in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' (1753), ''[[Lavandula multifida|L.&nbsp;multifida]]'' and ''[[Lavandula dentata|L.&nbsp;dentata]]'' (Spain) and ''[[Lavandula stoechas|L.&nbsp;stoechas]]'' and ''L.&nbsp;spica'' from Southern Europe. ''[[Lavandula pedunculata|L.&nbsp;pedunculata]]'' was included within ''[[Lavandula stoechas|L.&nbsp;stoechas]]''.

By 1790, ''[[Lavandula pinnata|L.&nbsp;pinnata]]'' and ''L.&nbsp;carnosa'' were recognised. The latter was subsequently transferred to ''[[Anisochilus]]''. By 1826, [[Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz]] listed 12 species in three sections, and by 1848 eighteen species were known.<ref name="Lis" />{{rp|51}}

One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six sections she proposed for 28 species still left many intermediates that could not easily be assigned. Her sections included ''[[Stoechas]]'', ''[[Spica]]'', ''Subnudae'', ''Pterostoechas'', ''[[Chaetostachys]]'', and ''Dentatae''. However, all the major cultivated and commercial forms resided in the ''[[Stoechas]]'' and ''[[Spica]]'' sections. There were four species within ''Stoechas'' (''[[Lavandula stoechas]]'', ''[[Lavandula dentata|L.&nbsp;dentata]]'', ''[[Lavandula viridis|L.&nbsp;viridis]]'', and ''[[Lavandula pedunculata|L.&nbsp;pedunculata]]'') while ''Spica'' had three (''L.&nbsp;officinalis'' (now ''[[Lavandula angustifolia|L.&nbsp;angustifolia]]''), ''[[Lavandula latifolia|L.&nbsp;latifolia]]'' and ''[[Lavandula lanata|L.&nbsp;lanata]]''). She believed that the garden varieties were [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybrids]] between true lavender ''[[Lavandula angustifolia|L.&nbsp;angustifolia]]'' and spike lavender (''[[Lavandula latifolia|L.&nbsp;latifolia]]'').<ref>Chaytor D A. A taxonomic study of the genus Lavandula. 1937</ref>

''Lavandula'' has three subgenera:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habàn |first=Miroslav |date=2023-05-16 |title=Lavandula Species, Their Bioactive Phytochemicals, and Their Biosynthetic Regulation |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=24 |issue=10 |page=8831 |doi=10.3390/ijms24108831 |pmid=37240177 |pmc=10219037 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=3|vauthors=Moja S, Guitton Y, Nicole F, Jullien F, Legendre L, Pasquier B, Upson T |date=November 2016 |title=Genome size and plastid trnK-matK markers give new insights into the evolutionary history of the genus Lavandula L. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11263504.2015.1014006 |journal=Plant Biosystems |volume=150 |issue=6 |pages=1216–1224 |doi= 10.1080/11263504.2015.1014006|bibcode=2016PBios.150.1216M |s2cid= 84974038|via=Ebsco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Héral |first1=Bénédicte |last2=Stierlin |first2=Émilie |last3=Fernandez |first3=Xavier |last4=Michel |first4=Thomas |date=2021 |title=Phytochemicals from the genus Lavandula: a review |url= |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=751–771 |doi=10.1007/s11101-020-09719-z |bibcode=2021PChRv..20..751H |s2cid=224898995 |via=SpringerLink}}</ref> 
*Subgenus ''Lavandula'' is mainly of woody shrubs with entire leaves. It contains the principal species grown as ornamental plants and for oils. They are found across the Mediterranean region to northeast Africa and western Arabia.
*Subgenus ''Fabricia'' consists of shrubs and herbs, and it has a wide distribution from the Atlantic to India. It contains some ornamental plants.
*Subgenus ''Sabaudia'' constitutes two species in the southwest Arabian peninsula and Eritrea, which are rather distinct from the other species, and are sometimes placed in their own genus ''Sabaudia''.

In addition, there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage.<ref name="upsonandrews" />

The first major [[clade]] corresponds to subgenus ''Lavandula'', and the second ''Fabricia''. The ''Sabaudia'' group is less clearly defined. Within the ''Lavandula'' clade, the subclades correspond to the existing sections but place ''[[Dentatae]]'' separately from ''[[Stoechas]]'', not within it. Within the ''Fabricia'' clade, the subclades correspond to ''[[Pterostoechas]]'', ''[[Subnudae]]'', and ''[[Chaetostachys]]''.

Thus the current classification includes 39 species distributed across 8 sections (the original 6 of Chaytor and the two new sections of Upson and [[Susyn M. Andrews|Andrews]]), in three subgenera (see table below). However, since lavender [[crosspollination|cross-pollinates]] easily, countless variations present difficulties in classification.

=== Taxonomic table ===
[[File:Snowshil-Lavender.jpg|thumb|Different lavender [[cultivar]]s growing at [[Snowshill]], the [[Cotswolds]], UK]]
This is based on the classification of Upson and Andrews, 2004.
[[File:Lavender Field Sutton.jpg|thumb|Lavender field in [[Carshalton]], in the [[London Borough of Sutton]]]]
[[File:Hitchin lavender fields.jpg|thumb|Lavender field in [[Hitchin]], UK.]]
[[File:Çuxur Qəbələ k - Qəbələ r. lavanda sahəsi.jpg|thumb|Lavender field in [[Çuxur Qəbələ]], [[Qabala District]], [[Azerbaijan]]]]
{|
|- valign="top"
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I. Subgenus ''Lavendula'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small>
:i. Section ''Lavandula'' (3 species)
:*''[[Lavandula angustifolia]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small>
:: subsp. ''angustifolia'' — [[Catalonia]] and the [[Pyrenees]].
:: subsp. ''pyrenaica'' — SE [[France]] and nearby Mediterranean coastal regions of [[Croatia]], Italy, Spain.
:*''[[Lavandula latifolia]]'' <small>Medik</small> — central [[Portugal]], east-central [[Spain]], southern France, northern [[Italy]].
:*''[[Lavandula lanata]]'' <small>Boiss.</small> — southern Spain.
:
:<u>Hybrids:</u>
:*''Lavandula × chaytorae'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small> (''L. angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'' × ''L. lanata'')
:*''Lavandula × intermedia'' <small>Emeric ex Loisel.</small> (''L. angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'' × ''L. latifolia'')
:
:ii. Section ''Dentatae'' <small>Suarez-Cerv. & Seoane-Camba</small> (1 species)
:*''[[Lavandula dentata]]'' <small>L.</small> — east Spain, coastal [[Algeria]], and northern and SW [[Morocco]].
:: var. ''dentata'' (''rosea'', ''albiflora''), ''candicans'' (''persicina'') <small>[Batt.]</small>
:iii. Section ''Stoechas'' <small>Ging.</small> (3 species)
:*''[[Lavandula stoechas]]'' <small>L.</small> 
:: subsp. ''stoechas'' — mostly coastal regions of east Spain, southern France, west Italy, [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], southern coastal [[Turkey]], Levantine coast, and many Mediterranean islands.
:: subsp. ''luisieri'' — coastal and inland Portugal and border regions of Spain.
:*''[[Lavandula pedunculata]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]](Cav.)</small>
:: subsp. ''pedunculata'' — Spain and Portugal.
:: subsp. ''cariensis'' — western Turkey and southern Bulgaria.
:: subsp. ''atlantica'' — montane Morocco.
:: subsp. ''lusitanica'' — southern Portugal and SW Spain.
:: subsp. ''sampaiana'' — from Portugal and SW Spain.
:*''[[Lavandula viridis]]'' <small>L'Her.</small> — SW Spain, Portugal, and possibly also on [[Madeira]].
:Intersectional hybrids (''Dentatae'' and ''Lavendula'')
:*''Lavandula × heterophylla'' <small>Viv.</small> (''L. dentata'' × ''L. latifolia'' )
:*''Lavandula × allardii'' <small></small>
:*''Lavandula × ginginsii'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small> (''L. dentata'' × ''L. lanata'' )

II. Subgenus ''Fabricia'' <small>(Adams.) Upson & S.Andrews</small>
:iv. Section ''Pterostoechas'' <small>Ging.</small> (16 species)
:*''[[Lavandula multifida]]'' <small>L.</small> — Morocco, southern Portugal, Spain, northern Algeria, [[Tunisia]], [[Tripolitania]], [[Calabria]] and [[Sicily]], with isolated [[Nile|Nile valley]] populations.
:*''[[Lavandula canariensis]]'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small> — the [[Canary Islands]].
:: subsp. ''palmensis'' – [[La Palma]].
:: subsp. ''hierrensis'' – [[El Hierro]].
:: subsp. ''canariensis'' – [[Tenerife]].
:: subsp. ''canariae'' – [[Gran Canaria]].
:: subsp. ''fuerteventurae'' – [[Fuerteventura]].
:: subsp. ''gomerensis'' – [[La Gomera]].
:: subsp. ''lancerottensis'' – [[Lanzarote]].
:*''Lavandula minutolii'' <small>Bolle</small> — Canary Islands.
:: subsp. ''minutolii''
:: subsp. ''tenuipinna''
:*''Lavandula bramwellii'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small> — Gran Canaria.
:*''[[Lavandula pinnata]]'' <small>L.</small> — Canarias and Madeira.
:*''[[Lavandula buchii]]'' <small>Webb & Berthel.</small> — Tenerife.
:*''[[Lavandula rotundifolia]]'' <small>Benth.</small> — Cape Verde.
:*''[[Lavandula maroccana]]''<small>Murb.</small> — [[Atlas Mountains]], Morocco.
:*''Lavandula tenuisecta'' <small>Coss. ex Ball</small> — Atlas Mtns., Morocco.
:*''Lavandula rejdalii'' <small>Upson & Jury</small> — Morocco.
:*''Lavandula mairei'' <small>Humbert</small> — Morocco.
:*''Lavandula coronopifolia'' <small>Poir.</small> — Cape Verde, Northern Africa, NE [[West Africa|Western Africa]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] to East [[Iran]].
:*''Lavandula saharica'' <small>Upson & Jury</small> — southern Algeria and nearby regions.
:*''Lavandula antineae'' <small>Maire</small> — central [[Sahara]].
:: subsp. ''antinae''
:: subsp. ''marrana''
:: subsp. ''tibestica''
:*''[[Lavandula pubescens]]'' <small>Decne.</small> — [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], western [[Saudi Arabia]] to [[Yemen]].
:*''Lavandula citriodora'' <small>A.G. Mill.</small> – SW Arabian peninsula.
:
:<u>Hybrids:</u>
:*''Lavandula × christiana'' <small>Gattef. & Maire</small> (L. pinnata × L. canariensis)

:v. Section ''Subnudae''<small> Chaytor</small> (10 species)
:*''Lavandula subnuda'' <small>Benth.</small> — mountains of [[Oman]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].
:*''Lavandula macra'' <small>Baker</small> – southern Arabian peninsula and [[Somaliland]].
:*''Lavandula dhofarensis'' <small>A.G. Mill.</small> – from [[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar, Oman]].
:: subsp. ''dhofarensis''
:: subsp. ''ayunensis''
:*''Lavandula samhanensis'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small> – Dhofar, Oman.
:*''Lavandula setifera'' <small>T. Anderson </small>– coastal Yemen and Somaliland.
:*''Lavandula qishnensis'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small> – southern Yemen.
:*''[[Lavandula nimmoi]]'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> – [[Socotra]].
:*''Lavandula galgalloensis'' <small>A.G. Mill.</small> – Somaliland.
:*''Lavandula aristibracteata'' <small>A.G. Mill.</small> – Somaliland.
:*''Lavandula somaliensis'' <small>Chaytor</small> – Somaliland.
:vi. Section ''Chaetostachys'' <small>Benth.</small> (2 species)
:*''Lavandula bipinnata'' <small>(Roth) Kuntze</small> — [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan peninsula]] and north-central [[North India|India]].
:*''Lavandula gibsonii'' <small>J. Graham</small> – [[Western Ghats]], [[South India]].
:vii. Section ''Hasikenses'' <small>Upson & S.Andrews</small> (2 species)
:*''Lavandula hasikensis'' <small>A.G. Mill.</small> – Oman.
:*''Lavandula sublepidota'' <small>Rech. f.</small> – [[Far, Iran]].

III. Subgenus ''Sabaudia'' <small>(Buscal. & Muschl.) Upson & S.Andrews</small>
:viii. Section ''Sabaudia'' <small>(Buscal. & Muschl.) Upson & S.Andrews</small> (2 species)
:*''Lavandula atriplicifolia'' <small>Benth.</small> – western Arabian peninsula, Egypt.
:*''Lavandula erythraeae'' <small>(Chiov.) Cufod.</small> – Eritrea.
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