Editing Lancaster Castle (section)

===Foundation===
[[File:Lancaster Castle from the South West 1778.jpg|300px|right|thumb|A watercolour by [[Thomas Hearne (artist)|Thomas Hearne]] from 1778 of the west of Lancaster's [[keep]]. The round tower next to the keep was demolished in 1796.<ref>{{harvnb|Champness|1993|p=4}}</ref>]]

As there are no contemporary documents recording the foundation of the castle, it is uncertain when and by whom it was started, but it is supposed that [[Roger the Poitevin|Roger de Poitou]], the [[Normans|Norman]] lord in control of the Honour of Lancaster, was responsible. If it was Roger who began construction, the structure would have been built of timber, probably incorporating the earthworks of the Roman fort into its defences. The form of the original castle is unknown. There is no trace of a [[motte-and-bailey|motte]], so it may have been a [[ringwork]]<ref>{{harvnb|White|2001|pp=42–44}}</ref>&nbsp;– a circular defended enclosure.<ref>{{harvnb|Friar|2003|p=246}}</ref>

Roger de Poitou fled England in 1102 after participating in a failed rebellion against the new king, [[Henry I of England|Henry&nbsp;I]]. As a result, the king confiscated the Honour of Lancaster, which included the castle. The Honour changed hands several times. Henry granted it to [[Stephen of England|Stephen of Blois]], his nephew and later king. When [[the Anarchy]] erupted in 1139&nbsp;– a civil war between Stephen and [[Empress Matilda]] for the English throne&nbsp;– the area was in turmoil. Stephen secured his northern frontier by allowing [[David I of Scotland|David&nbsp;I of Scotland]] to occupy the Honour in 1141.<ref name="Champness 3">{{harvnb|Champness|1993|p=3}}</ref> It is possible that David refortified the castle at this time. Due to a lack of investigation, there is little evidence to suggest additions to Lancaster in the mid-12th&nbsp;century. However, the uncertain construction date of the [[keep]] means that the King of Scotland could have been responsible for building it.<ref name="White 44">{{harvnb|White|2001|p=44}}</ref> The war came to an end in 1153. It was agreed that after Stephen died, he would be succeeded by [[Henry II of England|Henry Plantagenet]] (later King Henry&nbsp;II), Matilda's son. Part of the agreement was that the King of Scotland would relinquish the Honour of Lancaster, which would be held by [[William I, Count of Boulogne|William]], Stephen's son. After William's death in 1164, the Honour of Lancaster again came under royal control when Henry&nbsp;II gained possession of the Honour.<ref name="Champness 3"/>

On the death of Henry&nbsp;II, the Honour passed to his son, [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]], who gave it to his brother, [[John of England|Prince John]], in the hope of securing his loyalty.<ref name="Champness 6">{{harvnb|Champness|1993|p=6}}</ref> One of the functions castles served was as a prison;<ref>{{harvnb|Cathcart King|1983|pp=xvi–xx}}</ref> the first record of the castle being used in this way was in 1196, although the role became much more important after the [[English Civil War]]. Since the 12th&nbsp;century, the monarch appointed a [[Conservator of the peace|sheriff]] to maintain the peace in Lancashire, a role usually filled by the duke and based at the castle.<ref name="Champness 14">{{harvnb|Champness|1993|p=14}}</ref> In the late 12th and early 13th&nbsp;century, many timber castles founded during the Norman Conquest were rebuilt in stone.<ref name="Allen Brown 109">{{harvnb|Allen Brown|1976|p=109}}</ref> Lancaster was one such castle.<ref name="Champness 6"/> Building in stone was expensive and time-consuming. For example, the late 12th-century stone keep<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=309632 |mname=Peveril Castle |access-date=24 February 2010|mode=cs2}}</ref> at [[Peveril Castle]] in Derbyshire cost around £200, although something on a much larger scale, such as the vast [[Château Gaillard]] cost an estimated £15,000 to £20,000 and took several years to complete.<ref>{{harvnb|McNeill|1992|pp=41–42.}}</ref> For many castles, the expenditure is unknown. However, work on royal castles was often documented in [[Pipe Rolls]], which began in 1155.<ref name="Allen Brown 109"/> The Rolls show that John spent over £630 on digging a ditch outside Lancaster's south and west walls, and for the construction of "the King's lodgings". This probably referred to what is now known as Adrian's Tower.<ref name="Champness 6"/> His successor, [[Henry III of England|Henry&nbsp;III]] also spent large sums on Lancaster: £200 in 1243 and £250 in 1254 for work on the gatehouse and creating a stone [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]].<ref name="Champness 6"/>