Editing LGBTQ people and Islam (section)

===Modern era===
[[File:Trenecito.jpg|thumb|Ottoman Turkish manuscript from 1773]]

The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of [[Islamic fundamentalism]] such as [[Wahhabism]], which came to call for stricter adherence to the Hadith.<ref name="falaky">{{cite journal |last1=Falaky |first1=Fayçal |date=2018 |title=Radical Islam, Tolerance, and the Enlightenment |journal=Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture |volume=47 |pages=265–266 |doi=10.1353/sec.2018.0026 |s2cid=149570040}}</ref><ref name="evans">{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Daniel |date=2013 |title=Oppression and Subalternity: Homosexual and Transgender in Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oz_wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=109–110 |isbn=9781304399694 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034035/https://books.google.com/books?id=oz_wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref><ref name="dialmy" /> In 1744, Muhammad bin Saud, the tribal ruler of the town of [[Diriyah]], endorsed [[ibn Abd al-Wahhab]]'s mission and the two swore an oath to establish a state together run according to true Islamic principles. For the next seventy years, until the dismantlement of the first state in 1818, the Wahhabis dominated from [[Damascus]] to [[Baghdad]]. Homosexuality, which had been largely tolerated in the [[Ottoman Empire]], also became criminalized, and those found guilty were thrown to their deaths from the top of the minarets.<ref name="falaky" />

In 1858, the [[Tanzimat]] reforms in the Ottoman Empire nullified an earlier ruling on homosexuality, effectively making it decriminalized.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tehmina Kazi |date=7 October 2011 |title=The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims |newspaper=UK Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/07/ottoman-empire-secular-history-sharia |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401142651/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/07/ottoman-empire-secular-history-sharia |archive-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ishtiaq Hussain |date=15 February 2011 |title=The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire |url=http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017061131/http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2012 |publisher=Faith Matters}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ozsoy |first1=Elif Ceylan |title=Decolonizing Decriminalization Analyses: Did the Ottomans Decriminalize Homosexuality in 1858? |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |date=2021 |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1979–2002 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2020.1715142|pmid=32069182 |hdl=10871/120331 |s2cid=<!-- 211191107 --> |hdl-access=free }}</ref> However, authors Lapidus and Salaymeh write that before the 19th century Ottoman society had been open and welcoming to homosexuals, and that by the 1850s via European influence they began censoring homosexuality in their society.<ref name="lapidus">{{Cite book |author1=Ira M. Lapidus |title=A History of Islamic Societies |author2=Lena Salaymeh |publisher=Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition) |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=361–362 |quote=The attitudes toward homosexuality in the Ottoman Empire underwent a dramatic change during the 19th century. Before that time, Ottoman societal norms accepted homoerotic relations as normal, despite condemnation of homosexuality by religious scholars. The Ottoman Sultanic law (''[[Qanun (law)|qanun]]'') tended to equalize the treatment of hetero- and homosexuals. Dream interpretation literature accepted homosexuality as natural, and ''[[Karagöz and Hacivat|karagoz]]'', the principal character of popular puppet theater, engaged in both active and passive gay sex. However, in the 19th century, Ottoman society started to be influenced by European ideas about sexuality as well as the criticism leveled at the Ottoman society by European authors for its sexual and gender norms, including homosexuality. This criticism associated the weakness of the Ottoman state and corruption of the Ottoman government with Ottoman sexual corruption. By the 1850s, these ideas were prompting embarrassment and self-censorship among the Ottoman public regarding traditional attitudes toward sex in general and homosexuality in particular. Dream interpretation literature declined, the puppet theater was purged of its coarser elements, and homoeroticism began to be regarded as abnormal and shameful.}}</ref> In [[Iran]], several hundred political opponents were executed in the aftermath of the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Islamic Revolution]] and justified it by accusing them of homosexuality. Homosexual intercourse became a capital offense in Iran's ''Islamic Penal Code'' in 1991. Though the grounds for execution in Iran are difficult to track, there is evidence that several people were hanged for homosexual behavior in 2005–2006 and in 2016, mostly in cases of dubious charges of rape.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Asal, V. |title=Legal Path Dependence and the Long Arm of the Religious State: Sodomy Provisions and Gay Rights Across Nations and Over Time |author2=Sommer, U. |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=64}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news |date=6 June 2018 |title=How homosexuality became a crime in the Middle East |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/06/how-homosexuality-became-a-crime-in-the-middle-east |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703034324/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/06/how-homosexuality-became-a-crime-in-the-middle-east |archive-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> In some countries like Iran and [[Iraq]] the dominant discourse is that Western imperialism has spread homosexuality.<ref name="evans" /> In [[Egypt]], though homosexuality is not explicitly criminalized, it has been widely prosecuted under vaguely formulated "morality" laws. Under the current rule of [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], arrests of LGBTQ individuals have risen fivefold, apparently reflecting an effort to appeal to conservatives.<ref name="economist" /> In [[Uzbekistan]], an anti-sodomy law, passed after [[World War II]] with the goal of increasing the birth rate, was invoked in 2004 against a gay rights activist, who was imprisoned and subjected to extreme abuse.<ref name="ahmadi">{{cite journal |author=Shafiqa Ahmadi |year=2012 |title=Islam and Homosexuality: Religious Dogma, Colonial Rule, and the Quest for Belonging |url=https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=jcred |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=557–558 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044040/https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=jcred |archive-date=2019-04-04 |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> In [[Iraq]], where homosexuality is legal, the breakdown of law and order following the [[Iraq conflict (2003–present)|Second Gulf War]] allowed Islamist militias and vigilantes to act on their prejudice against gays, with [[ISIS]] gaining particular notoriety for the gruesome acts of anti-LGBTQ violence committed under its rule of parts of Syria and Iraq.<ref name="economist" /> Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle has argued that while Muslims "commemorate the early days of Islam when they were oppressed as a marginalized few", many of them now forget their history and fail to protect "Muslims who are gay, transgender and lesbian."<ref>{{cite book |author=Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle |title=Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims |title-link=Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |pages=21–22}}</ref>[[File:Lining up to use a boy.jpg|thumb|upright|Ottoman illustration depicting a young man used for group sex (from ''Sawaqub al-Manaquib''), 19th century]]

According to Georg Klauda, in the 19th and early 20th century, homosexual sexual contact was viewed as relatively commonplace in parts of the Middle East, owing in part to widespread [[sex segregation]], which made heterosexual encounters outside marriage more difficult.<ref name="KlaudaGlob">Klauda, Georg (English translation by Angelus Novus). "[http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2010/klauda081210.html Globalizing Homophobia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616154009/http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2010/klauda081210.html|date=2014-06-16}}" (). ''[[MRZine]]'', ''[[Monthly Review]]''. 08.12.10. Previous version appeared in ''Phase 2'' No. 10 (December 2003). Also published as the first chapter of ''Die Vertreibung aus dem Serail: Europa und die Heteronormalisierung der islamischen Welt'' (Berlin: Männerschwarm-Verlag, 2008). Start page [https://books.google.com/books?id=MD4qAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 15]{{Dead link|date=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}.<!--Start text: "Nach dem 11. September 2001 war eine"-->Retrieved on 26 June 2014.</ref> Klauda states that "Countless writers and artists such as [[André Gide]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Edward M. Forster]], and [[Jean Genet]] made pilgrimages in the 19th and 20th centuries from homophobic Europe to Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, and various other Arab countries, where homosexual sex was not only met without any discrimination or subcultural ghettoization whatsoever, but rather, additionally as a result of rigid segregation of the sexes, seemed to be available on every corner."<ref name="KlaudaGlob" /> Views about homosexuality have never been universal all across the Islamic world.<ref name="power">{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=Bernie |last2=Riddell |first2=Peter |date=2019 |title=Islam and Homosexuality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tmjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |url-status=live |journal=Engaging Ethically in a Strange New World: A View from Down Under – Australian College of Theology Monograph Series |pages=101–123 |isbn=9781532688034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034026/https://books.google.com/books?id=3tmjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> With reference to the Muslim world more broadly, Tilo Beckers writes that "Besides the endogenous changes in the interpretation of scriptures having a deliberalizing influence that came from within Islamic cultures, the rejection of homosexuality in Islam gained momentum through the exogenous effects of European colonialism, that is, the import of Western cultural understandings of homosexuality as a perversion."<ref name="beckers">Tilo Beckers, "Islam and the Acceptance of Homosexuality," in ''Islam and Homosexuality, Volume 1'', ed. Samar Habib, 64–65  (Praeger, 2009).</ref> [[University of Münster]] professor Thomas Bauer points that even though there were many orders of stoning for homosexuality, there is not a single proven case of it being carried out. Bauer continues that "Although contemporary Islamist movements decry homosexuality as a form of Western decadence, the current prejudice against it among Muslim publics stems from an amalgamation of traditional Islamic legal theory with popular notions that were imported from Europe during the colonial era, when Western military and economic superiority made Western notions of sexuality particularly influential in the Muslim world."<ref>{{cite news |author=Viola van Melis |date=16 November 2011 |title=Islam tolerierte früher Homosexuelle |newspaper=HPD Humanistischer Pressedienst |url=https://hpd.de/node/12315 |url-status=live |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503163831/https://hpd.de/node/12315 |archive-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>

In some Muslim-majority countries, current anti-LGBTQ laws were enacted by United Kingdom or Soviet organs and retained following independence.<ref name="ahmadi" /><ref name="economist" /> The 1860 [[Indian Penal Code]], which included an [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|anti-sodomy statute]], was used as a basis of penal laws in other parts of the [[British Empire|empire]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Shanon Shah |title=Islam's LGBT allies |url=https://musliminstitute.org/freethinking/gender/islams-lgbt-allies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503163830/https://musliminstitute.org/freethinking/gender/islams-lgbt-allies |archive-date=3 May 2019 |access-date=5 April 2019 |website=Muslim Institute}}</ref> However, as Dynes and Donaldson point out, North African countries under French colonial tutelage lacked anti-homosexual laws which were only born afterwards, with the full weight of Islamic opinion descending on those who, on the model of the gay liberationists of the West, would seek to make "homosexuality" (above all, adult men taking passive roles) publicly respectable.<ref name="dynesdonaldson">{{cite book |last1=Dynes |first1=Wayne R. |title=Asian homosexuality |last2=Donaldson |first2=Stephen |date=1992 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780815305484 |page=X}}</ref> [[Jordan]], [[Bahrain]], and - [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|more recently]] - India, a country with a substantial Muslim minority, have abolished the criminal penalties for consensual homosexual acts introduced under colonial rule. Persecution of homosexuals has been exacerbated in recent decades by a rise in Islamic fundamentalism and the emergence of the gay-rights movement in the West, which allowed Islamists to paint homosexuality as a noxious [[Western world|Western import]].<ref name="economist" />