Editing Kochi (section)

== Geography and climate ==
{{Main|Geography of Kochi}}
[[File:ThevaraDSW.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A view of [[Thevara]] from Kundannur bridge}}]]

=== Geography ===
{{see also|:Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi}}
Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at {{Coord|9|58|N|76|13|E}}, with a corporation limit area of {{convert|94.88|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Kochi Municipal Corporation]]|title=Cochin City Profile|url=https://cochinmunicipalcorporation.kerala.gov.in/documents/10157/32ef97a6-beb2-45ab-b6c1-20c0759023fd|access-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164100/https://cochinmunicipalcorporation.kerala.gov.in/documents/10157/32ef97a6-beb2-45ab-b6c1-20c0759023fd|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Over the years, the city has expanded considerably outside the corporation limit set in 1967, although the official city limits haven't been changed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/KOCHICDP.pdf#page=7 |publisher= [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]]| title=Kochi City Development Plan |access-date=19 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803123428/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/KOCHICDP.pdf#page=7 |archive-date=3 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/htm/CDPKochi/Executive%20Summary.htm |title=Govt of Kerala, CDP Kochi |access-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412053245/http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/htm/CDPKochi/Executive%20Summary.htm |archive-date=12 April 2010 }}</ref> The city straddles the backwaters, encompassing the northern end of a peninsula, several islands and a portion of the mainland. To the west lies the [[Laccadive Sea]], and to the east is the urbanised region in the rest of the mainland area. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48&nbsp;km.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi" />

The eastern part of Kochi is mainly known as [[Ernakulam]], while the western part of it after the [[Venduruthy Bridge]] is called as Western Kochi. The current metropolitan limits of Kochi include the mainland Ernakulam, [[Fort Kochi]], the suburbs of [[Edapally]], [[Kalamassery]], [[Aluva]], [[Perumbavoor]], [[Angamaly]] and [[Kakkanad]] to the northeast; [[Tripunithura]] to the southeast; and a group of islands closely scattered in the [[Vembanad Lake]]. The state government and the GCDA have plans to include [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] and [[Kodungallur]] in Thrissur district. [[Piravom]] and [[Kolenchery]] in Ernakulam district, [[Thalayolaparambu]] and [[Vaikom]] in Kottayam and [[Cherthala]] in Alappuzha district within Kochi metropolitan limits. The newly formed metropolis would be put under the charge of a new authority called Kochi Metropolitan Regional Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130212/news-current-affairs/article/metro-status-kochi-soon |title=Metro status for Kochi soon |access-date=12 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426072151/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130212/news-current-affairs/article/metro-status-kochi-soon |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1459708.ece|title=Kochi forward for Metro status|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418084918/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1459708.ece|archive-date=18 April 2015}}</ref> However, ''The Hindu'' reported that the state government is yet to take any concrete steps in this regard.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/metro-status-eludes-kochi-as-government-drags-its-feet/article4611185.ece | work=The Hindu | title=Metro status eludes Kochi as government drags its feet | date=13 April 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414194234/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/metro-status-eludes-kochi-as-government-drags-its-feet/article4611185.ece | archive-date=14 April 2013 }}</ref>

Soil consists of [[sediment]]s such as [[alluvium]], teris, brown sands, etc. Hydromorphic [[Soil salinity|saline soils]] are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi" />

Predominant rock types found here are [[Archean|Archaean]]-basic [[Dike (geology)|dykes]], [[Charnockite]]s and [[Gneiss]]es. An ecologically sensitive area, the [[Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary]] is located in the central part of the city. It has a wide range of mangrove species and is a nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]]|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/mangalavanam-bird-sanctuary/181/|title=Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary|access-date=10 January 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174456/https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/mangalavanam-bird-sanctuary/181/|archive-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>

Kochi's water needs are entirely dependent on ground water and the two rivers flowing through the district viz., [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] and [[Muvattupuzha]]. Periyar serves the entire northern part of the city<ref>{{cite web |url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11646/9/09%20ch.2.pdf |title= Growth response of phytoplankton exposed to industrial effluents in River Periyar |publisher= [[CUSAT]] |access-date= 12 January 2018 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093002/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11646/9/09%20ch.2.pdf |archive-date= 13 January 2018 }}</ref> whereas [[Muvattupuzha]] river under the JnNurm project covers the western part.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/west-kochi-water-project-to-be-commissioned-tomorrow/article19362432.ece |title= West Kochi water project to be commissioned tomorrow |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 12 January 2018 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164152/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/west-kochi-water-project-to-be-commissioned-tomorrow/article19362432.ece |archive-date= 3 March 2018 }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Kochi features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). Kochi's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between {{convert|23|and|31|C|F}} with the record high being {{convert|36.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, and record low {{convert|16.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=IMDextremes />
From June to September, the [[monsoon|south-west monsoon]] brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the [[Western Ghats]]. From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is {{convert|3014.9|mm|abbr=on}}, with an annual average of 124 rainy days.<ref name=IMDnormals />

{{Weather box
| location = Kochi ([[Cochin International Airport]]) 1991–2020
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 37.1
| Feb record high C = 37.6
| Mar record high C = 38.1
| Apr record high C = 38.0
| May record high C = 36.8
| Jun record high C = 34.6
| Jul record high C = 33.8
| Aug record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 34.1
| Oct record high C = 35.4
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Dec record high C = 35.3
| year record high C = 38.1
| Jan high C = 33.7
| Feb high C = 34.6
| Mar high C = 34.8
| Apr high C = 34.4
| May high C = 33.2
| Jun high C = 30.7
| Jul high C = 30.0
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 32.6
| Dec high C = 32.9
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan low C = 20.6
| Feb low C = 21.8
| Mar low C = 23.9
| Apr low C = 24.7
| May low C = 24.5
| Jun low C = 23.5
| Jul low C = 23.1
| Aug low C = 23.3
| Sep low C = 23.3
| Oct low C = 23.2
| Nov low C = 22.9
| Dec low C = 21.8
| year low C = 23.1
| Jan record low C = 15.7
| Feb record low C = 14.8
| Mar record low C = 16.7
| Apr record low C = 20.1
| May record low C = 17.8
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 20.8
| Aug record low C = 20.9
| Sep record low C = 20.9
| Oct record low C = 20.6
| Nov record low C = 17.2
| Dec record low C = 15.9
| year record low C = 14.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.8
| Feb rain mm = 14.5
| Mar rain mm = 39.5
| Apr rain mm = 116.0
| May rain mm = 225.4
| Jun rain mm = 595.8
| Jul rain mm = 571.0
| Aug rain mm = 458.3
| Sep rain mm = 358.8
| Oct rain mm = 343.2
| Nov rain mm = 175.9
| Dec rain mm = 53.4
| year rain mm = 2953.5
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.9
| Mar rain days = 2.4
| Apr rain days = 6.8
| May rain days = 10.6
| Jun rain days = 22.9
| Jul rain days = 23.6
| Aug rain days = 17.9
| Sep rain days = 16.1
| Oct rain days = 13.8
| Nov rain days = 7.4
| Dec rain days = 2.2
| year rain days = 125.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 54
| Feb humidity = 55
| Mar humidity = 61
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 79
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 62
| year humidity = 69
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

{{Weather box
| location = Kochi ([[INS Venduruthy|Kochi Naval Base]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 36.4
| Feb record high C = 35.7
| Mar record high C = 36.0
| Apr record high C = 36.5
| May record high C = 35.2
| Jun record high C = 34.2
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high C = 32.5
| Sep record high C = 34.2
| Oct record high C = 34.6
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 35.2
| year record high C = 36.5
| Jan high C = 31.9
| Feb high C = 32.0
| Mar high C = 32.6
| Apr high C = 33.0
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 30.3
| Jul high C = 29.6
| Aug high C = 29.5
| Sep high C = 30.2
| Oct high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 31.3
| Dec high C = 31.9
| year high C = 31.3
| Jan low C = 23.0
| Feb low C = 24.2
| Mar low C = 25.5
| Apr low C = 25.9
| May low C = 25.7
| Jun low C = 24.2
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 24.1
| Nov low C = 24.1
| Dec low C = 23.2
| year low C = 24.3
| Jan record low C = 16.5
| Feb record low C = 16.3
| Mar record low C = 21.6
| Apr record low C = 21.2
| May record low C = 21.1
| Jun record low C = 20.4
| Jul record low C = 17.6
| Aug record low C = 20.6
| Sep record low C = 21.1
| Oct record low C = 19.2
| Nov record low C = 19.2
| Dec record low C = 17.7
| year record low C = 16.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 24.3
| Feb rain mm = 27.1
| Mar rain mm = 45.0
| Apr rain mm = 113.1
| May rain mm = 284.5
| Jun rain mm = 700.3
| Jul rain mm = 575.5
| Aug rain mm = 378.8
| Sep rain mm = 310.3
| Oct rain mm = 366.6
| Nov rain mm = 150.4
| Dec rain mm = 39.0
| year rain mm = 3014.9
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.2
| Mar rain days = 2.6
| Apr rain days = 6.9
| May rain days = 11.0
| Jun rain days = 23.0
| Jul rain days = 22.8
| Aug rain days = 19.0
| Sep rain days = 13.4
| Oct rain days = 14.2
| Nov rain days = 7.2
| Dec rain days = 1.8
| year rain days = 124.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 65
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 83
| Aug humidity = 82
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 64
| year humidity = 73
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Cochin (N.A.S) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 201–202
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M107
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
| source =
| Jan uv = 11
| Feb uv = 12
| Mar uv = 12
| Apr uv = 12
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 12
| Oct uv = 12
| Nov uv = 10
| Dec uv = 10
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/kochi-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Kochi (Cochin), India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 16 June 2022
| archive-date = 16 June 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220616115214/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/kochi-climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}