Editing Kiwifruit (section)

==Species and cultivars==
[[File:Hardy-Kiwi-Comparison-3.jpg|thumb|The larger ''A. chinensis'' var. ''deliciosa'' (fuzzy kiwifruit) at the rear compared to the smaller kiwi berry]]

The genus ''Actinidia'' comprises around 60 species. Their fruits are quite variable, although most are easily recognised as kiwifruit because of their appearance and shape. The skin of the fruit varies in size, hairiness, and colour. The flesh varies in colour, juiciness, texture, and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable, while others taste considerably better than most commercial cultivars.<ref name=Morton /><ref name="PONC1999" />

The most commonly sold kiwifruit is derived from [[Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa|''Actinidia chinensis'' var. ''deliciosa'']] (fuzzy green kiwifruit) and [[Actinidia chinensis|''A. chinensis'' var. ''chinensis'']] (golden and red kiwifruit).<ref name="Kiwifruit2023"/> Other species that are commonly eaten include ''[[Actinidia arguta|A. arguta]]'' (hardy kiwifruit, also known as kiwiberries), [[Actinidia rubricaulis|''A. rubricaulis'' var. ''coriacea'']] (Chinese egg gooseberry), , ''[[Actinidia kolomikta|A. kolomikta]]'' (Arctic kiwifruit), ''[[Actinidia melanandra|A. melanandra]]'' (purple kiwifruit) and ''[[Actinidia polygama|A. polygama]]'' (silver vine).<ref name="PONC1999" /> Some commercial cultivars are hybrids, such as 'Jinyan', which is a hybrid of ''[[Actinidia eriantha|A. eriantha]]'' and ''A. chinensis'' var. ''chinensis'',<ref name="Kiwifruit2023"/> and 'Issai', a hybrid of ''A. arguta'' and ''A. polygama'', known for having relative large fruit, the ability to self-pollinate, and being less [[hardiness (plants)|hardy]] than most ''A. arguta''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJiaAAAAIAAJ&q=Grown+commercially+Issai+is+less+hardy+than+most+hardy+kiwi |title=Annual report ... annual meeting|date=1 January 1996|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/berrygrowerscomp0000bowl|url-access=registration|quote=Grown commercially Issai is less hardy than most hardy kiwi.|title=The Berry Grower's Companion|first=Barbara L.|last=Bowling|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Timber Press|via=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-88192-489-3}}</ref>

===Fuzzy kiwifruit===

Most kiwifruit sold belongs to a few cultivars of ''Actinidia chinensis ''var. ''deliciosa'' (fuzzy kiwifruit): 'Hayward', 'Blake' and 'Saanichton 12'.<ref name="PWNEP" /> They have a fuzzy, dull brown skin and bright green flesh. The familiar cultivar 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in [[Avondale, Auckland|Avondale]], New Zealand, around 1924.<ref name="PONC1999">{{cite web|last=Ferguson|first=AR|date=1999|publisher=ASHS Press; Purdue University |location=Alexandria, Virginia|pages=342–347|title=New Temperate Fruits: ''Actinidia chinensis'' and ''Actinidia deliciosa''; In: Perspectives on new crops and new uses, J. Janick (ed.)|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-342.html}}</ref> It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s.

'Hayward' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It is a large, egg-shaped fruit with a sweet flavour. 'Saanichton 12', from [[British Columbia]], is somewhat more rectangular than 'Hayward' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. 'Blake' can self-pollinate, but has a smaller, more oval fruit, and the flavour is considered inferior.<ref name="PWNEP" /><ref name="PONC1999" />

===Kiwiberries===
Kiwiberries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance but with a thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species: ''[[Actinidia arguta]]'' (hardy kiwi), ''[[Actinidia kolomikta|A. kolomikta]]'' (Arctic kiwifruit) and ''[[Actinidia polygama|A. polygama]]'' (silver vine). They are fast-growing, climbing vines, durable over their [[growing season]]. They are referred to as kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi.<ref name=penn>{{cite web|title=Hardy Kiwi|url=http://extension.psu.edu/gardening/fphg/hardy-kiwi|publisher=Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences|access-date=4 January 2013|archive-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223101338/http://extension.psu.edu/gardening/fphg/hardy-kiwi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Gold kiwifruit===
[[File:Kiwifruit - Golden (Soreli).jpg|thumb|Golden kiwifruit 'Soreli']]
{{main|Gold kiwifruit}}

The gold kiwifruit, also known as the yellow kiwi or golden kiwifruit, has smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Gold varieties are typically cultivars of ''Actinidia chinensis'' var. ''chinensis''. The flesh colour varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is 'sweeter and more aromatic' in flavour compared to ''Actinidia chinensis ''var. ''deliciosa''.<ref name=zespri/> One of the most attractive varieties has a red 'iris' around the centre of the fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit obtains a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit tastes better without peeling.<ref name="PONC1999" />

Hort16A is a golden kiwifruit cultivar developed by HortResearch, now [[Plant & Food Research]] Institute, during the decades of 1980s and 90s.<ref name=knowles/> It is marketed worldwide as ''Zespri Gold''. This cultivar suffered significant losses in New Zealand in 2010–2013 due to the [[Pseudomonas syringae|PSA]] bacterium.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: How Was Zespri Gold Kiwifruit Developed? |url=http://www.zespri.com/about-zespri/faqs.html |publisher=Zespri Kiwifriut |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117141729/http://www.zespri.com/about-zespri/faqs.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref> A new cultivar of golden kiwifruit, ''Gold3'', was found to be more disease-resistant and most growers have now changed to this cultivar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Golden times return for kiwifruit trade|journal=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11261601|date=26 May 2014|access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref> 'Gold3', marketed by Zespri as ''SunGold'' is not quite as sweet as 'Hort16A',<ref>{{cite web|title=Zespri SunGold New! |url=http://www.zespri.com.sg/KP_ZVariety.asp |publisher=Zespri |access-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815040948/http://www.zespri.com.sg/KP_ZVariety.asp |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref> and lacks its usually slightly pointed tip. Clones of the new variety ''SunGold'' have been used to develop orchards in China, resulting in partially successful legal efforts in China by Zespri to protect their [[intellectual property]].<ref name="McClure2021">{{cite news |last1=McClure |first1=Tess |title=Kiwi wars: the golden fruit fuelling a feud between New Zealand and China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/18/kiwi-wars-the-golden-fruit-fuelling-a-feud-between-new-zealand-and-china |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 June 2021}}</ref> In 2021, Zespri estimated that around 5,000 hectares of ''Sungold'' orchards were being cultivated in China, mainly in the [[Sichuan province]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-02/china-new-zealand-kiwifruit-trade-impacts-/100129232 |title=Cuttings of prized SunGold kiwifruits were smuggled to China and NZ growers are divided over what to do about it |newspaper=ABC News |date=June 2021 |publisher=ABC}}</ref>

Jintao is a variety of golden kiwifruit developed in China from wild ''Actinidia chinensis'' var. ''chinensis'' vines. Created in the 1980s by researchers at the Wuhan Botanical Garden, it was introduced to Europe for evaluation in 1998 through a EU-funded project (INCO-DC). Between 1998 and 2000, it was evaluated in collaboration with institutions such as I.N.R.A. in Bordeaux (France), the [[University of Thessaloniki]] (Greece), and the [[University of Udine]] (Italy). Jintao was later released to European kiwifruit growers for commercial propagation in 2001. In the same year, exclusive breeding rights for the variety were sold to the Italian company Jingold, and production subsequently expanded to multiple locations across Portugal, Chile, Argentina, and South Africa over the following two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jintao (Jingold) |url=https://goodfruitguide.co.uk/product/jingold/#:~:text=Jintao%20was%20introduced%20to%20Europe,cultivation%20and%20marketing%20of%20Jintao. |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Good Fruit Guide |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title='Jintao': A Chinese kiwifruit selection grown in Italy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283963986 |journal=Acta Horticulturae}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Horti China 2018: Goodwei Kiwifruit Brand from Jingold Officially Launches |url=https://www.producereport.com/article/horti-china-2018-goodwei-kiwifruit-brand-jingold-officially-launches |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Produce Report |language=en}}</ref>

===Red kiwifruit===
[[File:Kiwifruit 'Red Passion' cross section - Italy.jpg|thumb|Kiwifruit 'Red Passion' with a red-ring]]
{{main|Red kiwifruit}}

Red kiwifruits are cultivars of ''Actinidia chinensis'' var. ''chinensis'', distinguished by their red coloured flesh. Its origin can be traced back to China from a natural mutation of gold kiwifruit found in the wild in 1982,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainbow Red Kiwi |url=https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Rainbow_Red_Kiwi_18290.php |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=specialtyproduce.com |language=en}}</ref> which became the Hongyang variety, China's first commercially viable red kiwifruit cultivar.<ref name=wang/><ref name="jue-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Jue |first1=Deng-wei |last2=Sang |first2=Xue-lian |last3=Li |first3=Zhe-xin |last4=Zhang |first4=Wen-lin |last5=Liao |first5=Qin-hong |last6=Tang |first6=Jianmin |date=2023-11-01 |title=Determination of the effects of pre-harvest bagging treatment on kiwifruit appearance and quality via transcriptome and metabolome analyses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0963996923008219 |journal=Food Research International |volume=173 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=113276 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113276 |pmid=37803588 |issn=0963-9969}}</ref> By 2020, Hongyang became the most grown kiwifruit cultivar in China across all types and varieties.<ref name="Kiwifruit2023"/>

International varieties include Oriental Red, a licenced version of Donghong variety kiwifruit grown in Italy,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jingold's Oriental Red Kiwi from China Wins Innovation Gold Prize |url=https://www.producereport.com/article/jingolds-oriental-red-kiwi-china-wins-innovation-gold-prize |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Produce Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title="800 hectares in China will be dedicated to Jintao kiwifruit" |url=https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9141205/800-hectares-in-china-will-be-dedicated-to-jintao-kiwifruit/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.freshplaza.com |language=en}}</ref> Zespri RubyRed, which was independently bred in New Zealand in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RubyRed™ Kiwi |url=https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/RubyRed_Kiwi_23789.php#:~:text=Plant%20&%20Food%20Research.-,Red-fleshed%20kiwis%20were%20born%20from%20a%20natural%20mutation%20of,new%20red-fleshed%20kiwi%20varieties. |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=specialtyproduce.com |language=en}}</ref> and EnzaRed, a cultivar that descends from the Hongyang variety grown by Turners & Growers in New Zealand.<ref name="NZE_Enza_red">{{cite web|url=http://exportermagazine.co.nz/news/enzared-kiwifruit-set-take-world-stage|title=EnzaRed kiwifruit set to take on world stage|date=14 June 2010|publisher=New Zealand Exporter|access-date=4 January 2013|archive-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173137/http://exportermagazine.co.nz/news/enzared-kiwifruit-set-take-world-stage|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="HYChin">{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong-Li|author2=Wang, Yan-Chang |author3=Jiang, Zheng-Wang |author4= Huang, Hong-Wen |title=[Construction of cDNA library of 'Hongyang' kiwifruit and analysis of F3H expression]|journal=Yi Chuan|year=2009|volume=31|issue=12|pages=1265–1272 |pmid=20042395|language=zh }}</ref><ref name="NBR_Enza_red">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/turners-plugs-its-enza-red-kiwifruit-grown-china-119102|title=Turners plugs its Enza red kiwifruit – grown in China|date=24 February 2010|newspaper=[[National Business Review]] |access-date=4 January 2013|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424141113/http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/turners-plugs-its-enza-red-kiwifruit-grown-china-119102|url-status=dead}}</ref>