Editing Kingdom of Ireland (section)

===Tudor Ireland===
{{See also|Tudor conquest of Ireland}}
[[File:The Image of Irelande - plate05.jpg|thumb|English soldiers return from a battle with cattle, severed Irish heads, and Irish captives, from ''[[The Image of Irelande, with a Discoverie of Woodkarne|The Image of Irelande]]'', 1581]]
Following the failed revolt of [[Silken Thomas]] in 1534–35, [[Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane|Grey]], the lord deputy, had some military successes against several clans in the late 1530s, and [[Surrender and regrant|took their submissions]]. By 1540 most of Ireland seemed at peace and under the control of the king's Dublin administration; a situation that was not to last for long.{{sfn|MacCaffrey|1914}}

In 1542, the Kingdom of Ireland was established by the Parliament of Ireland through the Crown of Ireland Act. This act declared [[Henry VIII|King Henry VIII]] of England as the King of Ireland, thus creating a separate political entity known as the Kingdom of Ireland. The act marked a significant shift in Ireland's political landscape, as it sought to consolidate English control over the island and bring it under closer royal governance. The Kingdom of Ireland existed alongside the Lordship of Ireland, which was held by the English monarchs prior to the establishment of the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |title=Ireland in the Age of the Tudors: The Destruction of Hiberno-Norman Civilization |date=17 August 1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-0649-1903-6}}</ref> The new kingdom was not recognised by the Catholic monarchies in Europe. After the death of [[Edward VI]], Henry's son, the papal bull of 1555 recognised the Roman Catholic [[Mary I]] as Queen of Ireland.<ref name=bull/> The link of "personal union" of the Crown of Ireland to the Crown of England became enshrined in Catholic [[canon law]]. In this fashion, the Kingdom of Ireland was ruled by the reigning [[monarch of England]]. This placed the new Kingdom of Ireland in [[personal union]] with the [[Kingdom of England]].

In line with its expanded role and self-image, the administration established the [[King's Inns]] for barristers in 1541, and the [[Norroy and Ulster King of Arms|Ulster King of Arms]] to regulate [[heraldry]] in 1552. Proposals to establish a [[University of Dublin|university in Dublin]] were delayed until 1592.

In 1593 war broke out, as [[Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone|Hugh O'Neill]], Earl of Tyrone, led a confederation of Irish lords and [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] against the crown, in what later became known as the [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Nine Years' War]]. A series of stunning Irish victories brought English power in Ireland to the point of collapse by the beginning of 1600, but a renewed campaign under Charles Blount, [[Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon|Lord Mountjoy]] forced Tyrone to submit in 1603, completing the Tudor conquest of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Neill |first=James |title=The Nine Years War, 1593-1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the Military Revolution |date=2017 |publisher=Four Courts Press |isbn=9781846827549 |location=Dublin}}</ref>