Editing Kim Philby (section)

==Journalism==
In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the ''World Review of Reviews'', for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of [[pseudonym]]s) and occasionally served as "acting editor".{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|pp= 72–73}} Meanwhile, Philby and Friedmann [[marital separation|separated]]. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, following the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. When the Germans threatened to [[Battle of France|overrun Paris]] in 1940, where she was living at the time, Philby arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1936, Philby began working at a failing trade magazine, the ''Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette'', as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], at that time the German ambassador in London. He became a member of the [[Anglo-German Fellowship]], an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to [[Berlin]].{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994|pp= 57-58}}

In February 1937, Philby travelled to [[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]], then embroiled in a bloody [[Spanish Civil War|civil war]] triggered by the ''[[coup d'état]]'' of [[Falangism|Falangist]] forces under General [[Francisco Franco]] against the government of President [[Manuel Azaña]]. Philby worked at first as a [[freelance journalist]]; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for ''[[The Times]]'', reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces in [[Seville]].<ref name="odnb" /> He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Soviets. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at [[Hendaye]], [[French Third Republic|France]], for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy. His controller in Paris, a Latvian national named Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in [[Moscow]] in 1937 during [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]]. His successor, [[Boris Bazarov]], suffered the same fate two years later.{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighter planes and [[Panzer I]] and [[Panzer II]] tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack [[Gibraltar]].{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} Philby's Soviet controller at the time, [[Theodore Maly]], reported in April 1937 to the [[NKVD]] that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Theodore_Mally.htm|title=Theodore Maly|website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff.<ref name="ReferenceB">Boris Volodarsky: ''History Today'' magazine, London, 5 August 2010</ref> However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon [[debriefing]] Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."<ref name="ReferenceB" />

In December 1937, during the [[Battle of Teruel]], a [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] shell hit just in front of the car in which Philby was travelling along with correspondents Edward J. Neil of the [[Associated Press]], Bradish Johnson of ''[[Newsweek]]'' and [[Ernest Sheepshanks]]<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/20710.html Cricinfo Player Profile of Ernest Sheepshanks] retrieved 27 November 2008</ref> of [[Reuters]]. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, Philby, who was well-liked by the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the [[Crosses of Military Merit (Spain)|Red Cross of Military Merit]] by Franco on 2 March 1938. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles:

<blockquote>...there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the [[International Brigades]]. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me.<ref name="ReferenceB"/></blockquote>

In 1938, [[Walter Krivitsky]] (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former [[Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye|GRU]] officer in Paris who had [[defection|defected]] to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the [[Dies Committee]] (later to become the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]]) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. In 1940 he was interviewed by MI5 officers in London, led by [[Jane Sissmore|Jane Archer]]. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper in [[Spain]]. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] hotel room the following year.{{sfn|Boyle|1979|pp= 198–199}}{{sfn|Andrew|2009|pp=263, 263–272, 343}}

[[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov|Alexander Orlov]] (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in [[Madrid]], who had once met him in France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the Soviet Union, Orlov said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected.{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} On a short trip back from Spain, Philby tried to recruit [[Flora Solomon]] as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]] and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the ''[[rezident]]'' (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. Solomon introduced Philby to the woman who would become Philby's second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer [[Marks & Spencer]].{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994|pp= 207-208}}