Editing Khoisan languages (section)

==Families==
[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|alt=Khoisan language map|thumb|upright=2|Present distribution of speakers of Khoisan languages]]

The branches that were once considered part of so-called Khoisan are now considered independent families, since it has not been demonstrated that they are related according to the [[comparative method|standard comparative method]].

See [[Khoe languages]] for speculations on the linguistic history of the region.

===Hadza===
{{Main|Hadza language}}
With about 800 speakers in Tanzania, Hadza is no longer seen as a Khoisan language and appears to be unrelated to any other language. Genetically, the Hadza people are unrelated to the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa, and their closest relatives may be among the [[Pygmies]] of Central Africa.

===Sandawe===
{{Main|Sandawe language}}
There is some indication that Sandawe (about 40,000 speakers in Tanzania) may be related to the Khoe family, such as a congruent pronominal system and some good [[Swadesh list|Swadesh-list]] matches, but not enough to establish regular sound correspondences. Sandawe is not related to Hadza, despite their proximity.

===Khoe===
{{Main|Khoe–Kwadi languages}}
The Khoe family is both the most numerous and diverse family of Khoisan languages, with seven living languages and over a quarter million speakers. Although little Kwadi data is available, proto-Khoe–Kwadi reconstructions have been made for pronouns and some basic vocabulary.

{{tree list}}
*?'''[[Khoe–Kwadi languages|Khoe–Kwadi]]'''
**[[Kwadi language|Kwadi]] (extinct)
**[[Khoe languages|Khoe]]
***[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] This branch appears to have been affected by the Kxʼa–Tuu ''[[sprachbund]]''.
****[[Nama language|Nama]] (ethnonyms Khoekhoen, Nama, Damara) (a dialect cluster including ǂAakhoe and Haiǁom)
****[[Eini dialect|Eini]] (extinct)
****South Khoekhoe
*****[[Korana language|Korana]] (moribund)
*****[[Xiri language|Xiri]] (moribund; a dialect cluster)
***[[Tshu–Khwe languages|Tshu–Khwe]] (or ''Kalahari)'' Many of these languages have undergone partial [[click loss]].
****East Tshu–Khwe (East Kalahari)
*****[[Shua language|Shua]] (a dialect cluster including Deti, Tsʼixa, ǀXaise, and Ganádi)
*****[[Tsoa language|Tsoa]] (a dialect cluster including Cire Cire and Kua)
****West Tshu–Khwe (West Kalahari)
*****[[Kxoe language|Kxoe]] (a dialect cluster including [[ǁAni language|ǁAni]] and Buga)
*****[[Naro language|Naro]] (a dialect cluster, including [[ǂHaba language|ǂHaba]])
*****Gǁana–Gǀwi (a dialect cluster including [[Gǁana language|Gǁana]] and [[Gǀwi language|Gǀwi]])
{{tree list/end}}

A [[Haiǁom people|Haiǁom]] language is listed in most Khoisan references. A century ago the Haiǁom people spoke a Ju dialect, probably close to ǃKung, but they now speak a divergent dialect of Nama. Thus their language is variously said to be extinct or to have 18,000 speakers, to be Ju or to be Khoe. (Their numbers have been included under Nama above.) They are known as the ''Saa'' by the Nama, and this is the source of the word ''[[San people|San]]''.

===Tuu===
{{Main|Tuu languages}}
The Tuu family consists of two language clusters, which are related to each other at about the distance of Khoekhoe and Tshukhwe within Khoe. They are typologically very similar to the Kxʼa languages (below), but have not been demonstrated to be related to them genealogically (the similarities may be an [[Sprachbund|areal]] feature).

{{tree list}}
*'''Tuu'''
**Taa
***[[ǃXoon language|ǃXoon]] (4200 speakers. A dialect cluster.)
***[[Lower Nossob language|Lower Nossob]] (Two dialects, ǀʼAuni and ǀHaasi. Extinct.)
**ǃKwi
***[[Nǁng language|Nǁng]] (1 speaker. A dialect cluster.)
***[[ǀXam language|ǀXam]] (A dialect cluster. Extinct.)
***[[ǂUngkue language|ǂUngkue]] (A dialect cluster. Extinct.)
***[[ǁXegwi language|ǁXegwi]] (Extinct.)
{{tree list/end}}

===Kxʼa===
{{Main|Kxʼa languages}}
The Kxʼa family is a relatively distant relationship formally demonstrated in 2010.<ref>Honken, H. and Heine, B. 2010. [http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/57434/1/jaas079001_ful.pdf "The Kxʼa Family: A New Khoisan Genealogy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102140038/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/57434/1/jaas079001_ful.pdf |date=2018-11-02 }}. ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' (Tokyo), 79, p. 5–36.</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''Kxʼa'''
**[[ǂʼAmkoe language|ǂʼAmkoe]] (200 speakers, Botswana. Moribund. A dialect cluster of Nǃaqriaxe, (Eastern) ǂHoan, and Sasi).
**[[ǃKung languages|ǃKung]] (also ''ǃXun'' or ''Ju,'' formerly ''Northern Khoisan)'' is a dialect cluster. (~45,000 speakers.) [[Juǀʼhoan]] is the best-known dialect.
{{tree list/end}}

===Classification by Starostin (2013)===
Starostin (2013) gives the following classification of the Khoisan "[[macrofamily]]," which he considers to be a single coherent [[language family]].<ref>Starostin, Georgiy C. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/5183285/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_I_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_Languages_of_Africa_A_New_Lexicostatistical_Classification_Vol_I_Methodology_Khoisan_Languages_ Языки Африки. Опыт построения лексикостатистической классификации. Т. 1: Методология. Койсанские языки] / Languages of Africa: an attempt at a lexicostatistical classification. Volume 1: Methodology; Khoisan languages. Moscow: Языки славянской культуры / LRC Press. 510 p. {{ISBN|978-5-9551-0621-2}}</ref> However, this classification is not widely accepted.

{{tree list}}
* '''Khoisan'''
** [[Hadza language|Hadza]]
** Macro-Khoisan (excl. Hadza)
*** Sandawe-Khoi-Kwadi
**** [[Sandawe language|Sandawe]]
**** [[Khoe–Kwadi languages|Khoi-Kwadi]]
***** [[Kwadi language|Kwadi]]
***** [[Khoe languages|Khoe]] (= Khoi)
****** [[Khoekhoe language|Khoikhoi]]
****** Kalahari Khoi
*** Peripheral Khoisan
**** [[Southern Khoisan languages|Southern Khoisan]] (= !Kwi-Taa ~ Tuu)
***** [[!Kwi language|!Kwi]]
***** [[Taa language|Taa]]
**** [[Juǀʼhoan language|Ju-hoan]]
***** Western Hoan
***** Northern Khoisan (= Ju)
{{tree list/end}}