Editing Khartoum (section)

===19th century===
[[File:Slave market Khartoum 19th c.png|thumb|right|In the [[slave auction|slave-market]] at Khartoum]]
In 1821, Khartoum was established {{cvt|15|mi|km|order=flip}} north of the ancient city of [[Soba (city)|Soba]], by [[Isma'il Kamil Pasha]], the third son of Egypt's ruler, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for the [[Egyptian Army]]. Egypt shifted the seat of the colonial government from [[Wad Madani]] to Khartoum in 1823, which became a permanent settlement and underwent rapid development in the next decades. With its elevation to capital status, Khartoum quickly grew into a regional center of trade, serving as a [[rest area]] on the caravan route from [[Ethiopia]] to [[Egypt]], but also becoming a major focal point for the [[slavery in Sudan|slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N |date=2008 |pages=392}}</ref><ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 139</ref>

A significant change took place in 1854, when most of the city was destroyed by heavy rains and floods. It was rebuilt with houses made out of mud and stones, replacing those made out of thatch and straw. Khartoum also became the seat of several European consulates and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum|Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa]]. European pressure and influence forced Egypt to close the city's public slave market in 1854, although slaves continued to be sold and trafficked in large numbers, specifically from the [[Blue Nile State|Blue Nile]] region and the [[Nuba Mountains]], as well as down the [[White Nile]] (the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] and [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] territories).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N |date=2008 |pages=392}}</ref> According to the British explorer [[Samuel Baker]], who visited Khartoum in 1862, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jok, Madut Jok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzvlWdxThwC&q=War+and+Slavery+in+Sudan&pg=PA1|title=War and Slavery in Sudan|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8122-1762-4|page=5}}</ref> 

On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the [[Mahdi]] [[Muhammad Ahmad]] began the [[siege of Khartoum]] against the Egyptian garrison led by the British General [[Charles George Gordon]]. Despite being fortified by trenches and a wall connecting the Blue and White Niles, the city was conquered by the Mahdists on 26 January 1885. Many of the inhabitants were massacred or enslaved and the survivors were deported to the newly established [[Omdurman]], while Khartoum was largely destroyed and abandoned.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hammond |first=Peter |title=Slavery, Terrorism & Islam |publisher=Christian Liberty Books |place=Cape Town, South Africa |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha |date=2003 |pages=392}}</ref> 

With the reconquest of Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898, Khartoum was reinstated as the capital, and was rebuilt according to a street plan in the shape of the [[Union Jack]]. Khartoum Bahri was established as a garrison comprising a dockyard and a railhead to [[Egypt]], while Omdurman, remained the most populous part and largely kept its old shape.<ref>Britannica,
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum Khartoum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182639/https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum |date=26 June 2015 }}, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 30 June 2019</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N |date=2008 |pages=392}}</ref>