Editing Kenneth Kaunda (section)

===Educational policies===
[[File:Saragat Kaunda 1966.jpg|thumb|Italian president [[Giuseppe Saragat]] and Kenneth Kaunda in 1966]]
At the time of its independence, Zambia's [[Modernization theory|modernisation]] process was far from complete. The nation's educational system was one of the most poorly developed in all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just a hundred university graduates and no more than 6,000 indigenous inhabitants with two years or more of secondary education.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Achola |first1=Paul P. W. |title=Implementing Educational Policies in Zambia |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332451468764125887/pdf/multi-page.pdf |publisher=World Bank Discussion: Papers Africa Technical Department Series |access-date=19 June 2021 |page=2 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202218/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332451468764125887/pdf/multi-page.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia – Education |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117034837/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of this, Zambia had to invest heavily in education at all levels.<ref>An Introduction to African Politics by Alex Thomson.</ref> Kaunda instituted a policy where all children, irrespective of their parents' ability to pay, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils. The parents' main responsibility was to buy uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that the children attended school. This approach meant that the best pupils were promoted to achieve their best results, all the way from primary school to university level. Not every child could go to secondary school, for example, but those who did were well educated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&dq=Kaunda+%22education%22&pg=PA900 |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-388-0 |page=900 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111331/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Developing_World/3mE04D9PMpAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kaunda+%22education%22&pg=PA900&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[University of Zambia]] was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians all over the country had been encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its construction. Kaunda was appointed [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] and officiated at the first graduation ceremony in 1969. The main campus was situated on the Great East Road, while the medical campus was located at Ridgeway near the [[University Teaching Hospital]]. In 1979 another campus was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in [[Kitwe]]. In 1988 the Kitwe campus was upgraded and renamed the [[Copperbelt University]], offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.cbu.ac.zm/sbe/about/ |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=School of the Built Environment |language=en-US |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518134707/https://www.cbu.ac.zm/sbe/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other tertiary-level institutions established during Kaunda's era were vocationally focused and fell under the aegis of the Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} They include the [[Evelyn Hone College]] and the Natural Resources Development College (both in Lusaka),{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} the Northern Technical College at Ndola,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} the Livingstone Trades Training Institute in Livingstone, and teacher-training colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies – Confucius Institute |url=https://www.unza.zm/confucius/livingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies#:~:text=The%20institute%20was%20established%20in,programmes%20in%20Carpentry%20and%20Bricklaying.&text=LIBES%20is%20one%20of%20the,University%20of%20Zambia%20in%202011. |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=unza.zm |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518134830/https://www.unza.zm/confucius/livingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies#:~:text=The%20institute%20was%20established%20in,programmes%20in%20Carpentry%20and%20Bricklaying.&text=LIBES%20is%20one%20of%20the,University%20of%20Zambia%20in%202011. |url-status=live }}</ref>