Editing Kalisz (section)

===1500–1914===
[[File:Zygmunt August zatwierdza przywileje dla miasta Kalisza.jpg|thumb|left|Polish King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] confirms the old [[privilege (law)|privileges]] of Kalisz, 1552]]
In 1574 the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] came to Kalisz and in 1584 opened a [[Jesuit College in Kalisz|Jesuit College]], which became a centre of education in Poland; around this time, however, the importance of Kalisz began to decline somewhat, its place being taken by nearby [[Poznań]].

The economic development of the area was aided by a large number of Protestant [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Czech Brothers]], who settled in and around Kalisz after being expelled from [[Bohemia]] in 1620.

In the 18th century, one of two main routes connecting [[Warsaw]] and [[Dresden]] ran through the city, and Kings [[Augustus II the Strong]] and [[Augustus III of Poland]] often traveled that route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|title=Informacja historyczna|website=Dresden-Warszawa|access-date=12 July 2020|language=pl|archive-date=10 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110183554/https://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1789, 881 Jews lived in Kalisz, 29% of the city’s population.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/kalisz|title=YIVO &#124; Kalisz|website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref> In 1792, a fire destroyed much of the city centre.

At various times, the 1st and 7th Infantry Regiments of the Polish [[Crown Army]] were stationed in Kalisz.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|pages=26, 28}}</ref>

In 1793, in the [[Second Partition of Poland]], the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] absorbed the city, called ''Kalisch'' in German. That year Jews were 40% of the population.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/history-of-the-jewish-community-in-kalisz-12th-century-to-world-war-i|title=History of the Jewish Community in Kalisz: 12th Century to World War I|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org}}</ref> In 1801, Wojciech Bogusławski set up one of the first permanent theatre troupes in Kalisz.

In 1806, the 8th Polish Infantry Regiment was formed in Kalisz and the 6th Polish Infantry Regiment was formed in the present-day district of Dobrzec.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|pages=54–55}}</ref> After the successful [[Greater Poland uprising (1806)|Greater Poland uprising of 1806]], it was regained by Poles and became a provincial capital within the short-lived [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. During [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleon's invasion of Russia]], following [[Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg|Yorck]]'s [[Convention of Tauroggen]] of 1812, [[Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein|von Stein]]'s [[Treaty of Kalisz (1813)|Treaty of Kalisz]] was signed between Russia and Prussia in 1813, confirming that Prussia now was on the side of the Allies.

[[File:651362 Kalisz trybunał 01.JPG|thumb|left|Kalisz Tribunal and Courthouse]]

After the defeat of [[Napoleon I|Napoleon Bonaparte]], Kalisz became a [[Kalisz Voivodeship (1816–1837)|provincial]] capital of [[Congress Poland]] and then the capital of a [[Kalisz Governorate|province]] of the [[Russian Empire]]. In the 1820s a special Jewish quarter was created where the third of the town that was Jewish was required to live; it existed until 1862.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/> [[Fryderyk Chopin]] visited Kalisz in 1826, 1828 and 1830.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Załuski|first1=Pamela|last2=Załuski|first2=Iwo|title=Szlakiem Chopina po Polsce|year=2000|language=pl|publisher=Wydawnictwo JaR|location=Warszawa|pages=66, 116, 126|isbn=83-88513-00-1}}</ref> Prussia and Russia held [[Kalisch Review|joint military exercises]] near the town in 1835. The proximity to the Prussian border accelerated economic development of the city and Kalisz ("Калиш" in Russian [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic]]) began to attract many settlers, not only from other regions of Poland and other provinces of the [[Russian Empire]], but also from [[List of states in the Holy Roman Empire|German states]]. In 1860, 4,423 Jews lived in the town, 34.5% of its residents.<ref name="auto"/> During the [[January Uprising]], on April 15, 1863, Polish insurgents fought two victorious clashes against the Russians near the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zieliński|first=Stanisław|title=Bitwy i potyczki 1863-1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu|year=1913|language=pl|publisher=Fundusz Wydawniczy [[Polish Museum, Rapperswil|Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu]]|location=Rapperswil|page=196}}</ref> In 1881, Russian authorities expelled Jewish residents who lacked Russian citizenship.<ref name="auto2"/> In 1897, the Jewish population of the town was 7,580, about one-third of the total population.<ref name="auto2"/>

In 1902, a new railway linked Kalisz to [[Warsaw]] and [[Łódź]]. Since the 19th century, Kalisz has been one of the leading Polish centers of piano manufacturing. In the early 20th century, it became the leading center, surpassing Warsaw.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Beniamin|year=2016|title=Kolekcja Zabytkowych Fortepianów im. Andrzeja Szwalbego w Ostromecku|language=pl,en|location=[[Bydgoszcz]]|publisher=Miejskie Centrum Kultury w Bydgoszczy|pages=19, 25|isbn=978-83-64942-08-2}}</ref>