Editing Kalinago (section)

===Arrival of Columbus===
{{Further |Carib Expulsion}}
Upon his arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the [[Maipurean language|Maipurean]]-speaking [[Taínos]] reportedly told [[Christopher Columbus]] that Caribs were fierce warriors and cannibals, who made frequent raids on the Taínos, often capturing women.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last1=Deagan |first1=Kathleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWGZP0V8WroC&pg=PA32 |title=Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498 |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300133899 |page=32}}</ref> According to Columbus, the Taínos said the Caribs had spent the last two centuries displacing the Taínos by warfare, extermination, and assimilation.<ref name=":7">[http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183833/http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf |date=2012-02-27 }}, ''African Diaspora Archaeology Network'', University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007</ref>
[[File:Tobago jade ceremonial ax.jpg|thumb|left|[[Greenstone (archaeology)|Greenstone]] ceremonial axe. From [[shell midden]], Mt Irvine Bay, [[Tobago]], 1957.]]
The French missionary [[Raymond Breton]] arrived in the Lesser Antilles in 1635, and lived in [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Dominica]] until 1653. He took ethnographic and linguistic notes on the native peoples of these islands, including [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|St. Vincent]], which he visited briefly. Breton was responsible for many of the early stereotypes about Kalinago.<ref name="Sweeney">[http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"], ''African Diaspora Archaeology Network'', March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007</ref>

Later, the Kalinago occasionally allied with the Taínos to repel European invaders.  When the Spanish attempted to colonize Puerto Rico, Kalinago from St. Croix arrived to aid the local Taíno.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Beckles |first=Hilary McD. |date=1992 |title=Kalinago (carib) Resistance to European Colonisation of the Caribbean |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40654175 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=38 |issue=2/3 |pages=1–124 |doi=10.1080/00086495.1992.11671757 |jstor=40654175 |issn=0008-6495}}</ref> Daguao village, initially slated to be the Europeans' new capital, was destroyed by Taínos from the eastern area of Puerto Rico, with the support of Kalinago from neighboring [[Vieques]].<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |title=La historia de Puerto Rico a través de sus barrios: Daguao de Naguabo (The history of Puerto Rico through its barrios: Daguao in Naguabo) |url=https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/fdb5cb48-75f8-4ccf-9477-4b1553ed3bd6/barrios-de-puerto-rico-barrio-daguao-de-naguabo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717220520/https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/fdb5cb48-75f8-4ccf-9477-4b1553ed3bd6/barrios-de-puerto-rico-barrio-daguao-de-naguabo/ |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=PBS Learning Media |publisher=Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades |language=es |format=video}}</ref> By the middle of the 16th century, the resistance of Taínos and Kalinago alike was largely quashed across the Greater Antilles. The survivors were enslaved to work in agriculture or mining.<ref name="Kim" />

The Kalinagos were more successful in repelling the Spanish—and later the French and English—in the Lesser Antilles, retaining their independence.  The lack of gold in the area and the large numbers of casualties inflicted upon the Spanish contributed to their survival.<ref name="Kim" />