Editing Juris Doctor (section)

===Origins of the law degree===
The first university in Europe, the [[University of Bologna]], was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the [[glossator]] school in that city. This served as the model for other law schools of the [[Middle Ages]], and other early universities such as the [[University of Padua]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last=García y García
 |first=A.
 |year=1992
 |chapter=The faculties of law
 |title=A History of the University in Europe
 |place=London, UK
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=978-0-521-54113-8
 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&q=bologna+doctor+title&pg=RA1-PA399
 |access-date=26 May 2008
 |archive-date=9 April 2023
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409145105/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&q=bologna+doctor+title&pg=RA1-PA399
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> The first [[academic degree]]s may{{efn|Some sources have the first doctorates in theology at Paris being awarded prior to the doctorates in law at Bologna.<ref>{{cite thesis
 |first=Keith Allen
 |last=Noble
 |year=1992
 |title=An International Prognostic Study, based on an Acquisition Model, of Degree Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.)
 |page=18
 |publisher=[[University of Ottawa]]
 |degree=Ph.D.
 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED350932.pdf
 |access-date=15 February 2017
 |archive-date=3 March 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303222830/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED350932.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>
}} have been doctorates in civil law (''doctores legum'') followed by canon law (''doctores decretorum''); these were not professional degrees but rather indicated that their holders had been approved to teach at the universities. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees (bachelor's and licences) were introduced in Paris and then in the English universities.<ref name="Lexikon des Mittelalters: Licentia">
{{cite encyclopedia
 |last=Verger |first=J.
 |year=1999
 |title=Licentia
 |encyclopedia={{Lang|de|[[Lexikon des Mittelalters]]}}
 |volume=5
 |publisher=J.B. Metzler
 |place=Stuttgart
}}
</ref><ref name="Lexikon des Mittelalters: Doctor, doctoratus">
{{cite encyclopedia
 |last=Verger |first=J.
 |title=Doctor, doctoratus
 |year=1999
 |encyclopedia={{Lang|de|[[Lexikon des Mittelalters]]}}
 |volume=3
 |publisher=J.B. Metzler
 |place=Stuttgart
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 |last=de&nbsp;Ridder-Symoens |first=Hilde
 |year=1992
 |title=[[A History of the University in Europe]]
 |volume=1, Universities in the Middle Ages
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=978-0-521-36105-7
}}
</ref><ref name="Herbermann-etal-1915">{{cite book
 |last1=Herbermann
 |display-authors=etal
 |year=1915
 |title=Catholic Encyclopedia
 |place=New York, NY
 |publisher=Encyclopedia Press
 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05072b.htm
 |access-date=26 May 2008
 |archive-date=4 August 2017
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804141252/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05072b.htm
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>