Editing Jurassic Park (film) (section)

==Production==
===Development===
{{Multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=290
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| footer = [[Michael Crichton]]'s book attracted the attention of director [[Steven Spielberg]] (right) even before it was published. The author was also responsible for the film's first scripts.|
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[[Michael Crichton]]'s 1990 novel ''[[Jurassic Park (novel)|Jurassic Park]]'' was originally conceived as a screenplay in the 1980s, and went through numerous changes before being published as a book.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jurassic Park|url=http://www.michaelcrichton.com/jurassic-park/ |website=MichaelCrichton.com |access-date=February 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |people=Crichton, Michael |title=Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon |medium=DVD |publisher=Universal |year=2001}}</ref> In the late 1970s, a bidding war began for the film rights to Crichton's then-upcoming novel ''[[Congo (novel)|Congo]]'', which would not be made into [[Congo (film)|a film]] until 1995. With ''Jurassic Park'', Crichton hoped to avoid another bidding war and the same protracted outcome by offering the film rights at a fixed price of $1.5 million, as he was primarily concerned with ensuring that a film actually be produced; he was less interested in receiving a top offer.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=6}}

Crichton submitted the ''Jurassic Park'' [[manuscript]] to his publisher in May 1990. Director [[Steven Spielberg]] learned of the novel that month while he was discussing a screenplay with Crichton that would become the television series ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''. Spielberg had a life-long fascination with dinosaurs and expressed interest in ''Jurassic Park''. After reading the [[Galley proof|galleys]], he committed to direct the film adaptation.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=6–7}} He liked the novel's sense of adventure and its scientific explanation for dinosaur resurrection,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=12}} saying it provided "a really credible look at how dinosaurs might someday be brought back alongside modern mankind".<ref name=dawn/>

Crichton was represented by an agent at [[Creative Artists Agency]]. Spielberg recalled that "the agency got ahold of it; and they, of course, encouraged a bidding war, even though Michael had kind of promised me the book privately."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=6–7}} Major studios bid for the film rights, each with a director in mind. This included [[Warner Bros.]] and [[Tim Burton]], [[Columbia Pictures]] and [[Richard Donner]], and [[20th Century Fox]] and [[Joe Dante]].{{sfn|McBride|1997|p=416–9}} Crichton spoke with each director and endorsed Spielberg as the most likely candidate to get the film made, noting it would be "a very difficult picture" and calling Spielberg "arguably the most experienced and most successful director of these kinds of movies".{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=7–8}} [[Universal Pictures]], also backing Spielberg as director, acquired the rights in May 1990,<ref name="Production notes">DVD Production Notes</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |title=The Blockbuster Game |url=https://www.newsweek.com/blockbuster-game-206218 |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=Newsweek |date=June 24, 1990}}</ref> less than a week after they were offered for sale and six months before the novel's publication.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=1, 7}}

[[James Cameron]] revealed in 2012 that he had tried to purchase the rights, only to discover that Spielberg had acquired them a few hours prior.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=September 11, 2022|author=Frost, Caroline|date=September 11, 2012|publisher=Huffington Post|title=Titanic Director James Cameron Reveals He Wanted 'Jurassic Park', But Steven Spielberg Beat Him To It|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/09/07/titanic-director-james-cameron-jurassic-park-steven-spielberg_n_1864996.html}}</ref> Cameron said his version of ''Jurassic Park'' would have been "much nastier", comparing it with his 1986 film ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''. He realized he was not the right director for ''Jurassic Park'' after seeing the finished product, commending Spielberg for making a film which could be enjoyed by children.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Travis |title=James Cameron says Steven Spielberg beat him to the 'Jurassic Park' rights by a few hours — and his version would have been 'much nastier' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/james-cameron-tried-to-buy-the-jurassic-park-book-rights-2018-4 |website=Business Insider |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> Dante also praised it, but disagreed with Spielberg's decision to make Hammond more of a protagonist, a departure from the novel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scobel |first1=Peter |last2=Gilchrist |first2=Todd |title=How director Joe Dante would have made Jurassic Park |url=https://www.avclub.com/how-director-joe-dante-would-have-made-jurassic-park-1849491490 |website=AV Club |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=September 2, 2022}}</ref>

[[Storyboard]]s and sketches were already being produced weeks after the rights were acquired.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=9}} Because of the island setting and abundance of dinosaurs, Spielberg believed it would be advantageous to hire a production designer as soon as possible, choosing [[Rick Carter]] about two years before the start of filming. They read the galleys and held many meetings to discuss which scenes would work best in the film adaptation.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=11-12}} Spielberg said that with ''Jurassic Park'', he "was really just trying to make a good sequel to ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', on land."<ref>{{cite news |last=Macnab |first=Geoffrey |title='Fear was part of the pleasure': How Steven Spielberg mined his dark side to make Jurassic Park |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/features/jurassic-park-steven-spielberg-anniversary-b2398089.html |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=The Independent |date=August 25, 2023}}</ref> He was also heavily inspired by the 1933 film ''[[King Kong (1933)|King Kong]]'',{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=17}} calling it the "high-water mark" for special effects and for imagining "what it would be like to do a ''King Kong'' of today."<ref name="Earl doc">{{cite video |title=The Making of Jurassic Park |author=[[James Earl Jones|Jones, James Earl]] (Host) |medium=VHS |publisher=Universal |year=1995}}</ref> He cited the 1962 film ''[[Hatari!]]'' as another inspiration, calling it "the high-water mark of man versus the natural in a feature film."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=16}} Spielberg described the 1956 film ''[[Godzilla, King of the Monsters!]]'' as the most masterful dinosaur film of his youth, because it made him and viewers believe it was really happening.{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=15, 17}}{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=15}} Although he did not set out to make a dinosaur film better than any others, he did want ''Jurassic Park'' to be "the most realistic of them all."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=15}}

It eventually became clear to Spielberg that ''Jurassic Park'' would require more time in development, in order to determine [[#Effects|the effects needed to create the dinosaurs]]. He shifted focus to his 1991 film ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'', while continuing to monitor progress on ''Jurassic Park'', including script revisions. The art department went on an eight-month hiatus from ''Jurassic Park'' to work on ''[[Death Becomes Her]]'', another Universal film.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=23–24}} After completing ''Hook'', Spielberg wanted ''[[Schindler's List]]'' to be his next film. [[Sid Sheinberg]], president of [[Music Corporation of America]] (Universal's parent company at the time) gave the [[greenlight]] to ''Schindler's List'' on the condition that Spielberg make ''Jurassic Park'' first.{{sfn|McBride|1997|p=416–9}} Set designs began to be finalized in January 1992; a hotel was among locations at the fictional park that would be cut from the film.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=42–43}}

[[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]], who co-founded [[Amblin Entertainment]] with Spielberg, would serve as a producer on ''Jurassic Park'' alongside [[Gerald R. Molen|Gerald Molen]], who had worked with Amblin in the past.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=10}} Kennedy handled the creative aspects of the project, while Molen managed production-related elements.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=67}} [[Dean Cundey]], the [[cinematographer]] for ''Hook'', would rejoin Spielberg for ''Jurassic Park'', signing on to the project relatively late in [[pre-production]]. However, he had followed the film's progress through an association with Carter;{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=68}} both had worked on ''Death Becomes Her''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Drew |title=5 Versions Of 'Jurassic Park' You Never Saw |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/06/5-versions-of-jurassic-park-you-never-saw-97110/ |website=IndieWire |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> Cundey described his cinematography as "a realistic, crisp, color-saturated look," aligning with Spielberg's vision for the film.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=68}} [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]], Spielberg's longtime [[film editor]], would also return for ''Jurassic Park''.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=59}}

===Writing===
Crichton had mixed feelings about being offered a further $500,000 to write the film adaptation: "I was ''so'' tired of the whole area that I didn't really want to do the screenplay. I was sick of Malcolm and I was sick of Grant–and I was even sick of the dinosaurs. But I really felt that I knew the dimensions of the story." Crichton recognized that, by writing the screenplay himself, the project could avoid the same issues he experienced while developing the novel.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=8–9}}

Before writing the film, he met several times with Spielberg to discuss which aspects of the book he liked and disliked. Crichton completed his first draft later in 1990, but said "nobody was happy with it at all"; the draft skipped ahead to action rather than building up to it, as in the novel. At Spielberg's suggestion, Crichton rewrote the script in 40-page increments, with the first batch being better received. Crichton was aided by existing storyboards and sketches as he continued to rework the script, with the remaining 80 pages completed in early 1991.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=9–10}}

====New writers====
Crichton had agreed only to write a preliminary version of the film: "I told Steven, 'I'll do a draft for you and cut it down to budgetable size; but then you're going to want somebody else to polish the characters.' I think that sort of surprised him, because writers never say, 'Get somebody else.'"{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=9}} Crichton finished his draft as Spielberg was filming ''Hook'', the latter co-written by [[Malia Scotch Marmo]] and produced by Kennedy. While on the set of ''Hook'', Scotch Marmo was reading the ''Jurassic Park'' novel and learned from Kennedy about the film adaptation, accepting an offer to work on its screenplay. Scotch Marmo began writing ''Jurassic Park'' in October 1991. She chose to start from scratch, with the novel as her basis, although she did read Crichton's screenplay and consulted with him. Spielberg also agreed to provide her with his own copy of the novel, which contained highlighted aspects of the book that he enjoyed. In addition, she looked at the numerous storyboards produced up to that point.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=39–40}}

Scotch Marmo focused on building up the characters "to give them more life and more purpose" than in Crichton's novel and screenplay. She removed Malcolm from the story and tried to incorporate his characteristics into Grant, whom she found to be underdeveloped. She also sought to emphasis the major themes of the novel, specifically the "fatal flaw of trying to control nature," for instance by showing jungle vegetation creeping into the park's unfinished visitor center: "The idea was that nature was always in the way, always pushing hard against the intrusion."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=40–42}} In the novel, Hammond is killed by a group of ''[[Procompsognathus]]''. Crichton's draft had also included a death scene, with Hammond killed by a ''[[Velociraptor]]'' at the visitor center.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crichton |first=Michael |title=Jurassic Park (revised first draft) |url=https://controlroom.jurassicoutpost.com/app/uploads/2016/06/JURASSIC-PARK-01-19-1991-Crichton-Scanned.pdf |website=JurassicOutpost |access-date=February 5, 2025 |pages=98–99 |date=January 19, 1991}}</ref> In Scotch Marmo's draft, Hammond would choose to stay behind on [[Isla Nublar]], and the other characters would escape after surviving a ''[[T. rex]]'' attack on their helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scotch Marmo |first=Malia |title=Jurassic Park script |url=https://controlroom.jurassicoutpost.com/app/uploads/2016/05/JurassicPark-FirstDraft.txt |website=JurassicOutpost |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=March 14, 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anderton |first=Ethan |title=Unused 'Jurassic Park' Storyboards Reveal A Deleted Alternate Ending |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/548967/jurassic-park-alternate-ending/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=January 30, 2017}}</ref>

Scotch Marmo spent five months writing her draft and worked closely with Spielberg, noting that their collaboration was unlike most films in which writers "get an assignment, go home, write it and turn it in." She would send him 15 pages at a time, and then would rework them to his liking, sending the revised pages back along with the next 15.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=41}} She completed her draft in March 1992; Spielberg read it twice and was dissatisfied. She recalled later, "As a writer, that's a terrible feeling. The natural urge is to say: 'Give me another week. I can work it out. I know I can.' But the truth is, sometimes you do hit and sometimes you miss. It's just a shame that it takes so long to find out."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=53–54}}

[[File:DK 2022 photo 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The final drafts of ''Jurassic Park'' were written by [[David Koepp]], seen in 2022]]
Spielberg immediately began searching for a new writer,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=54}} and Universal president [[Casey Silver]] recommended [[David Koepp]], who co-wrote ''Death Becomes Her''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Backstory 5: Interviews with Screenwriters of the 1990s |author=McGilligan, Patrick |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-520-25105-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Butler |first=Tom |title='Jurassic Park' screenwriter David Koepp reveals the origin of the film's most quoted line |url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/movies/jurassic-park-screenwriter-david-koepp-hold-on-to-your-butts-samule-l-jackson-121034173.html |website=Yahoo |access-date=February 3, 2025 |date=September 6, 2019}}</ref> Koepp had not read the novel, but quickly obtained a copy, and later discussed the book with Spielberg. Koepp disliked doing rewrites because "it's very hard to get into the mind of somebody else and try to follow what they were doing." Spielberg told Koepp he could start from scratch, allowing his own ideas to fully develop. He read through the novel four times before he began writing the screenplay, and chose not to read the earlier drafts until he finished his own. Two sequences from the novel were mandated: the ''T. rex'' attack on a tour vehicle, and the raptors in the kitchen. Otherwise, Koepp was generally allowed to make his own creative choices.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=54–55}}

Koepp found it difficult to condense the novel's scientific exposition, especially the dialogue that explains how the dinosaurs were created. Spielberg devised an idea to easily convey the cloning process through a short, animated film shown to the park visitors. Koepp named the film's cartoon narrator "[[Mr. DNA]]", after Spielberg jokingly referred to the character as such.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=56}} Like Scotch Marmo, Koepp also sought to flesh out the characters of the novel while merging Malcolm's traits into Grant,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=56}}{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=60}} finding the former character too difficult to write: "I told Steven before I started, 'That guy's gotta go. [...] He's just talking for pages at a time about esoteric scientific concepts'."<ref name=Koepp2023/>

After Koepp finished his first draft, Spielberg sent it to Scotch Marmo for her opinion, and she replied with 12 pages of input; these were forwarded to Koepp, who found them helpful. He continued to work closely with Spielberg and with additional feedback from Scotch Marmo.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=62}} Malcolm was written in at Spielberg's insistence, after [[Jeff Goldblum]] auditioned for the film and was deemed perfect for the role.<ref name=Koepp2023>{{cite web |last=Lund |first=Anthony |title=Jurassic Park Writer Originally Left Jeff Goldblum's Ian Malcolm Out of the Movie |url=https://movieweb.com/jurassic-park-writer-cut-jeff-goldblum-ian-malcolm-out/ |website=MovieWeb |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=June 17, 2023}}</ref> Koepp tried to make the characters interesting, with moments such as Malcolm flirting with Sattler, leading to Grant's jealousy.<ref name=dawn/> He also tried to avoid excessive character detail because "whenever they started talking about their personal lives, you couldn't care less."<ref>{{cite magazine |title=A World Apart |author=Biskind, Peter |magazine=[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]] |date=May 1997}}</ref> Spielberg suggested modifying a scene so that the ''T. rex'' pursues characters in a Jeep; originally, it only depicted them driving away after hearing the dinosaur's footsteps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/david-koepp-13615 |title=David Koepp: Writer's block |date=September 8, 1999 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107150215/http://www.avclub.com/article/david-koepp-13615 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rewrites continued until just before the start of filming.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=62}} Crichton noted that the final draft differed drastically from his earlier script, but praised the changes and said the new screenplay "seems very compatible with my way of thinking—it fits in my mind."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=65}} Scotch Marmo did not receive credit for her work.<ref name=McBride/>

====Novel changes====
Crichton said that because the novel was "fairly long,"<ref name=Cinef/> at nearly 400 pages,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=54}} the film adaptation would only have about 10-20% of its content; scenes were dropped for budgetary and practical reasons, and the violence was toned down.<ref name=Cinef>Biodrowski, Steve. "[http://cinefantastiqueonline.com/1993/08/jurassic-park-michael-crichton-on-adapting-his-novel-to-the-screen/ JURASSIC PARK: Michael Crichton on Adapting his Novel to the Screen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129012731/http://cinefantastiqueonline.com/1993/08/jurassic-park-michael-crichton-on-adapting-his-novel-to-the-screen/ |date=November 29, 2013}}". ''Cinefantastique'' Magazine, August 1993 (Vol. 24, No.2), pg. 12</ref> Spielberg said, "What I wanted to do was boil the book down and choose my seven or eight favorite scenes and base the script around those." In a departure from the novel, Spielberg sought to reduce the number of dinosaurs, believing it would not be "physically possible" to make the film otherwise.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=12}} Koepp said the novel was written "more or less like a movie," making it one of the easier book-to-film adaptations he had worked on. He said that, like with any adaptation, the most difficult part of his writing assignment was to determine the overall structure of the story.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=54}}

Spielberg removed an early scene in the novel, in which ''Procompsognathus'' kill a baby, as he found it too horrific.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=A Tale Of Two 'Jurassics' |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 18, 1993 |url=https://ew.com/article/1993/06/18/tale-two-jurassics/ |access-date=February 17, 2007 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012180645/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306930,00.html }}</ref> Another scene set in a [[pterosaur]] aviary was also removed, as it did not move the plot along.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=14}} A major sequence, present in the novel and the two earlier screenplays, involved the ''T. rex'' chasing Grant and Hammond's grandchildren in a raft down a river. Koepp chose not to include this in his script: "I never wanted the raft sequence. It seemed to me that at certain points in the book we were being taken on sort of an obligatory tour past every dinosaur the park had to offer." He said the omission was an easy choice, calling the sequence redundant and noting that it would have been "monstrously expensive" to shoot.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=55}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodgers |first=Blake |title=See a Storyboarded T-Rex Scene Cut From the First Jurassic Park |url=https://nerdist.com/see-a-storyboarded-t-rex-scene-cut-from-the-first-jurassic-park/ |website=Nerdist |access-date=February 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132710/https://nerdist.com/see-a-storyboarded-t-rex-scene-cut-from-the-first-jurassic-park/ |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> Novel scenes that were cut from the film adaptation would gradually be included in sequels,<ref>{{cite book |last=Duncan |first=Jody |title=The Making of The Lost World: Jurassic Park |date=1997 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=9780345407344 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6YqAAAAYAAJ |access-date=February 9, 2025 |page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Grubbs |first=Jefferson |title='Jurassic World' Should Feature These Book Scenes |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/88762-12-un-adapted-scenes-from-michael-crichtons-novels-that-should-totally-be-in-jurassic-world |website=Bustle |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=June 11, 2015}}</ref> with the raft sequence being featured in the 2025 film ''[[Jurassic World Rebirth]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Jurassic World Rebirth Will Finally Adapt The Original Book's Scariest Scene |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1779931/jurassic-world-rebirth-adapts-scariest-scene-michael-crichton-book/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=February 4, 2025}}</ref>

Several characters were modified for the film. Originally a ruthless and greedy businessman in the novel, Hammond was rewritten to be sympathetic, as Spielberg related to the character's obsession with showmanship.{{sfn|McBride|1997|p=421–422}} The ages of Tim and Lex were switched; Spielberg did this because he wanted to work with the younger [[Joseph Mazzello]], and it allowed him to introduce the subplot of Lex's adolescent crush on Grant. For the film, Lex would also take on Tim's interest in computers.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=72–73}} In another change, Grant and Sattler are made a couple for the film, adding subtle romance.<ref name=BiggestMovie/> Koepp changed Grant's relationship with the children, making him initially hostile to them to allow for more character development.{{sfn|McBride|1997|p=416–9}} This is partly reflected through his relationship with Sattler, who wants them to have children of their own.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=57, 72}} Removed from the film was [[List of Jurassic Park characters#Ed Regis|Ed Regis]], the park's public relations chief, whose cowardly traits were merged into Donald Gennaro.<ref>{{cite web |last=Skipper |first=Ben |title=The 10 craziest Jurassic Park book scenes that should have made the movie |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/10-craziest-jurassic-park-outtakes/ |website=GamesRadar |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=June 15, 2017 |quote=In the book Gennaro is much braver and useful, with the character in the film being more of a amalgam of that character and the unused character of the island's cowardly PR manager Ed Regis.}}</ref> Several other characters were reduced to one scene each, including Henry Wu,<ref name=Wong15>{{cite news |last=Guerrasio |first=Jason |title=Actor BD Wong blames 'racial exclusion in Hollywood' for his small role in 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bd-wong-blames-racial-exclusion-for-small-jurassic-park-role-2015-6 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |work=Business Insider |date=June 24, 2015}}</ref> Dr. Harding,{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=61}} and Dodgson.<ref name=empire/> The name of InGen's corporate rival and Dodgson's employer, [[Biosyn]], is also omitted and eventually featured in the 2022 film ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nemiroff |first=Perri |title='Jurassic World Dominion' Director Colin Trevorrow Explains How Biosyn Got Back in the Dinosaur Game |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-dominion-biosyn-explained-colin-trevorrow-interview/ |website=Collider |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=June 10, 2022}}</ref>

===Casting===
Because much of the film's budget was going toward its dinosaur effects, Spielberg sought to cast relatively unknown actors, saying further: "Basically, I wanted good, solid actors who weren't going to charge outrageous prices. I didn't want to spend three to five million dollars apiece on actors".{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=59–60}} [[Kurt Russell]] and [[Richard Dreyfuss]] were considered for the role of Alan Grant, but were deemed too expensive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=Some Of The Greatest Actors Of All Time Turned Down Jurassic Park |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/895351/some-of-the-greatest-actors-of-all-time-turned-down-jurassic-park/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=/Film |language=en-US}}</ref> [[William Hurt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/90985449/ |title=Answers to all that jazz about 'Jurassic' |date=June 19, 1993 |website=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |access-date=June 24, 2016 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815115253/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/90985449/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harrison Ford]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/indiana-jones-sequel-jurassic-park-harrison-ford-steven-spielberg-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-video/ |title=Harrison Ford on an 'Indy' sequel, turning down 'Jurassic Park' |last=Clark |first=Noelene |date=September 16, 2011 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-date=June 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622233111/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/indiana-jones-sequel-jurassic-park-harrison-ford-steven-spielberg-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Tim Robbins]] turned down the role, which eventually went to [[Sam Neill]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vries |first=Hilary |date=1993-06-13 |title=Breakthrough? Who, Me?: Actor Sam Neill pushes into the mainstream with major roles in 'Jurassic Park' and 'The Piano,' but he says it's the long haul that really counts |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-13-ca-2614-story.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Laura Dern]] was cast as Ellie Sattler,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=61, 74}} after [[Robin Wright]] and [[Juliette Binoche]] turned down offers to play the character.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970713&id=U7AsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,4812775 |title=Robin Wright Penn Writes Off Blockbuster Roles |date=July 13, 1997 |website=[[Star-News]] |access-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517224743/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970713&id=U7AsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710%2C4812775 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/article/2016/05/15/juliette-binoche-steven-spielberg-martin-scorsese/ | title=Juliette Binoche: Martin Scorsese has 'feminine side... He doesn't explore' in his movies | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> [[Stacy Haiduk]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stacy Haiduk Describes Meeting Steven Spielberg And Nearly Being Cast In The First "Jurassic Park" | website=[[YouTube]] | date=November 10, 2019 |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=97q4oPlzvNQ}}</ref> [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], and [[Helen Hunt]] had also auditioned for the role.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jurassic-park-laura-dern_n_3001752/|title = The Huge Role They Almost Got|date = April 2, 2013|access-date = October 13, 2021|archive-date = October 30, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211030090414/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jurassic-park-laura-dern_n_3001752|url-status = live}}</ref>

Casting director Janet Hirshenson felt that [[Jeff Goldblum]] was right to play Ian Malcolm after reading the novel, although [[Jim Carrey]] also auditioned for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Jurassic Park at 30: Jim Carrey Auditioned for Malcolm & More Casting Secrets Revealed |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/jurassic-park-casting-director-30th-anniversary-interview |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=SYFY Official Site |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Hirshenson, Carrey "was terrific, too, but I think pretty quickly we all loved the idea of Jeff".<ref name="EW2013">{{cite magazine|last1=Stack|first1=Tim|last2=Staskiewicz|first2=Keith|date=April 4, 2013|title=Welcome to ''Jurassic Park'': An oral history|url=https://ew.com/movies/2013/04/04/jurassic-park-oral-history/|url-status=live|access-date=June 24, 2016|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|archive-date=June 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624230653/https://ew.com/movies/2013/04/04/jurassic-park-oral-history/}}</ref> [[Richard Attenborough]] was cast as John Hammond, but was initially hesitant to join the project, which marked his first acting role in 14 years. He eventually signed on at the insistence of Spielberg, who told him, "I can't see anyone else playing it but you".<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Bob |title=His Fame is Likelier to Rest on 'Jurassic Park' than 'Gandhi' |url=https://greensboro.com/his-fame-is-likelier-to-rest-on-jurassic-park-than-gandhi/article_1632f9ac-a633-51a8-8677-ce7ee89aa48f.html |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=Greensboro News and Record |agency=Associated Press |date=January 27, 1994}}</ref> Neill, Dern, Goldblum, and Attenborough were cast late in pre-production, with only a few weeks to prepare for their roles.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=70}} According to Neill, the process "all happened real quick. I hadn't read the book, knew nothing about it, hadn't heard anything about it, and in a matter of weeks I'm working with Spielberg".<ref name=EW2013/> The start of filming was delayed a month to accommodate Neill's schedule.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=71}}

[[Ariana Richards]], who plays Lex Murphy, said: "I was called into a casting office, and they just wanted me to scream. I heard later on that Steven had watched a few girls on tape that day, and I was the only one who ended up waking his sleeping wife on the couch, and she came running through the hallway to see if the kids were all right".<ref name=EW2013/> [[Christina Ricci]] also auditioned to play Lex.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schuldt |first=Scott |date=May 26, 1995 |title=Star Lives Up to Her Precocious Image |url=http://newsok.com/article/2503760 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021014627/https://oklahoman.com/article/2503760/star-lives-up-to-her-precocious-image |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=June 24, 2016 |work=[[The Oklahoman]]}}</ref> [[Joseph Mazzello]] had [[Screen test|screen-tested]] for a role in ''Hook'', but was deemed too young. Spielberg promised him they would work together on a future film, subsequently casting him for the role of Tim.<ref name=EW2013/>

Hirshenson, who previously cast [[Whoopi Goldberg]] in the 1990 film ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]'', had [[Samuel L. Jackson]] audition as Ray Arnold after Goldberg noted his performance in the 1991 film ''[[Jungle Fever]]''. Spielberg and Hirshenson were instantly impressed with Jackson and gave him the role.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=60}} Spielberg chose [[Wayne Knight]] to play Dennis Nedry after seeing him in the 1992 film ''[[Basic Instinct]]''.<ref name=BiggestMovie/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/wayne-knight-talks-about-emthe-exesem-newman-and-w-82918 |title=Wayne Knight talks about The Exes, Newman, and working in the mud for Jurassic Park |last=Harris |first=Will |date=July 25, 2012 |work=The A.V. Club |access-date=June 28, 2016 |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513023518/http://www.avclub.com/article/wayne-knight-talks-about-emthe-exesem-newman-and-w-82918 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[BD Wong]] was cast as Dr. Henry Wu, both of Asian descent. He was disappointed by how small the role turned out to be compared with the novel,<ref>{{cite web |last=Chase |first=Stephanie |title=Jurassic Park star says he was 'bitter' about the movie for years |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a37386823/jurassic-park-bd-wong-bitter-henry-wu/ |website=Digital Spy |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> believing the character's reduced screentime to be the result of "racial exclusion".<ref name=Wong15/> [[Cameron Thor]] had worked with Spielberg on ''Hook'', and initially auditioned to play Malcolm, before being cast as Dodgson.<ref name=empire>{{cite web |url=http://www.nickdesemlyen.com/pdf/JurassicPark.pdf |title=Jurassic Park 20th Anniversary: When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth |last=de Semlyen |first=Nick |date=September 2013 |work=Empire |page=3 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221133000/http://nickdesemlyen.com/pdf/JurassicPark.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Molen took on the small role of Dr. Harding.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=61}} In the novel, [[Richard Kiley]] provides the voice of the guide for the park's tour vehicles. For the film, Kiley was cast in the same role.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=61, 67}}

===Design===
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Production designer [[Rick Carter]] did not want the fictional theme park to have "a lot of commercialized edifices that feel shallow and overly bright and overly energetic. Even though that is something that the park would probably evolve into if it were finished, I thought as a film it would feel shallow. This is, after all, not [[Disneyland]]."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=45}} The exterior design of the park's visitor center was loosely based on a [[Jerusalem]] temple.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=78}} The interior design featured a dinosaur theme, including skeletons and a mural, the latter by artist Doug Henderson.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=115}}{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=113}} For the control room, set designer Lauren Cory referred to computer environments at several theme parks as well as the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=99–101}}{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=92}} The set included a wall-mounted {{convert|6|x|8|ft|adj=on}} screen and numerous computers,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=99–101}} lent by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Silicon Graphics]] and [[Thinking Machines Corporation]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=101}}<ref name=JP1/><ref>{{cite news |title=A behind-the-scenes look at the stars of 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1993/06/21/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-the-stars-of-jurassic-park-computers/ |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=June 21, 1993}}</ref>

The park's vehicles were designed by art director [[John Bell (special effects artist)|John Bell]].<ref name=Bell>{{cite web |title=John Bell Interview |url=https://jurassicoutpost.com/interviews/johnbell/ |website=JurassicOutpost |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Crichton's book has electric-powered [[Toyota Land Cruiser]]s as the tour vehicles, but Spielberg made a deal with the [[Ford Motor Company]], which provided seven [[Ford Explorer#First generation (UN46; 1991)|Ford Explorer]]s.{{sfn|Shone|2004|p=219}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=All The Right Movies |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=November 29, 1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 |page=20 |access-date=February 18, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913141500/https://books.google.com/books?id=wRsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 |url-status=live}}</ref> They received a custom paint job and a plexiglass roof. Like in the novel, the vehicles are presented as [[autonomous car]]s. They travel on a track that, in reality, was non-functional.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=80}} [[Industrial Light & Magic]], along with veteran customizer [[George Barris (auto customizer)|George Barris]], modified the Explorers to be controlled by drivers hidden in the trunk of the vehicles,<ref>{{cite book |title=Barris TV and Movie Cars |page=41 |author1=Barris, George |author2=Fetherston, David |publisher=MotorBooks International |year=1996 |isbn=1-61060-818-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Original 'Jurassic Park' Ford Explorers Were Self-Driving—But How? |url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/jurassic-park-ford-explorers-self-driving-tech-analysis/ |website=MotorTrend |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=May 31, 2021}}</ref> with front-mounted cameras allowing them to see the road. Barris also customized [[Jeep Wrangler]]s used by the park's workers.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Film Crew of Hollywood: Profiles of Grips, Cinematographers, Designers, a Gaffer, a Stuntman and a Makeup |page=174 |author=Udel, James C. |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7864-6484-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXdzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref>

In the film, Dodgson gives Nedry a container, disguised as a can of shaving cream, which is used to transport the stolen dinosaur embryos.<ref>{{cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Vanessa |title=A tale of a Barbasol can: How the Jurassic Park McGuffin grew beyond David Keopp's intentions |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/jurassic-park-barbasol-can-david-keopp |website=Syfy |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=June 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Josh |title=Smuggle dino-embryos with your very own Barbasol can in honor of 'Jurassic Park's 30th anniversary |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/jurassic-park-anniversary-barbasol-can-announcement |website=Syfy |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=February 14, 2023}}</ref> According to Bell, the script did not specify a brand of shaving cream, so he browsed at a drug store and eventually chose [[Barbasol]] for its distinctive design.<ref name=dawn/><ref name=Bell/>{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=32}} In addition, Bell designed night vision goggles used by Tim, prior to the ''T. rex'' breakout.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=32}}

The decision was made to forego a [[costume designer]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodwin |first=Betty |title=And the Dinos Wore Tails |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-11-vw-2111-story.html |access-date=February 8, 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 11, 1993}}</ref> Instead, Molen brought on the costume supervisors from ''Hook'', who selected [[ready-to-wear]] clothing for the cast from various retailers. Malcolm's all-black outfit was an aspect lifted from the novel, and Goldblum added to it by wearing a black leather jacket. Hammond's all-white outfit was meant to evoke him as a sort of religious figure or deity.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=62}}

===Filming===
====Hawaii====
[[File:2017-Kauai-Island.jpg|thumb|Much of the Hawaiian shoot took place on the island of [[Kauai]], with many of the locations standing in for Isla Nublar]]
The film's fictional setting of Isla Nublar is located near [[Costa Rica]], which was briefly considered as a filming location early on; this idea was scrapped as production would have occurred during the country's rainy season. [[Puerto Rico]] was seriously considered as well, until Spielberg settled on [[Kauai]], Hawaii. He attributed this decision to his age: "Had I been twenty-six instead of forty-five, I might have gone to [[Yucatan]] or the [[Philippines]] or Costa Rica–someplace really rugged." He also liked the idea of "staying in a nice Hawaiian hotel with room service and a pool", while stating that the tropical landscapes were as good, or better than, the alternative sites.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=46–47}} In addition, Spielberg was familiar with Hawaii, having filmed there in the past, and was concerned about infrastructure and accessibility at the other locations.<ref name=dawn /> Set construction began in early June 1992, nearly three months before the start of filming. Some of the locations were remote and only accessible with off-road vehicles.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=76}}

[[File:Manawaiopuna Falls.jpg|thumb|left|Scenes involving Isla Nublar's helipad were shot at [[Manawaiopuna Falls]]]]
After 25 months of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992, at Olokele Canyon.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=65 and 67}}<ref name=JP1>{{cite web |title=Jurassic Park notes |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Jurassic_Park.html |website=Lost-World.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970401110926/http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Jurassic_Park.html |archive-date=April 1, 1997}}</ref> The three-week Kauai shoot was focused on exterior scenes, many of them set on Isla Nublar during daytime.<ref name="Production notes" /> Spontaneous cloud coverage occurred frequently, necessitating the use of lighting and film exposure tricks in order to match with previously shot footage.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=69}} Scenes of the park's visitors arriving and departing Isla Nublar, via helicopter, were filmed at [[Manawaiopuna Falls]], which became commonly known as Jurassic Falls after the film's release.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tsutsumi |first=Cheryl Chee |title=An adventure of prehistoric proportions |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/06/20/travel/hawaiis-backyard/an-adventure-of-prehistoric-proportions/ |work=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |date=June 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112321/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/06/20/travel/hawaiis-backyard/an-adventure-of-prehistoric-proportions/ |archive-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref> Keopuka Rock, alternatively known as Jurassic Rock, was used for an early shot of the helicopter as it approaches Isla Nublar. The rock is located near the island of [[Maui]], but filming otherwise continued on Kauai.<ref name=Leasca/><ref>{{cite web |last=Dekneef |first=Matthew |title=Maui's Garden of Eden: A Tropical Rest Stop on the Road to Hana |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/mauis-garden-of-eden-a-tropical-rest-stop-on-the-road-to-hana/ |website=Hawaii Magazine |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=August 9, 2016}}</ref>

The exterior of the Jurassic Park visitor center was built on the grounds of the Valley House Plantation Estate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legendarytrips.com/trip/jurassic-park-filming-locations-hawaii/ |title=Jurassic Park filming locations |access-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924073257/http://www.legendarytrips.com/trip/jurassic-park-filming-locations-hawaii/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was constructed as a {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}}-high facade, nearly {{convert|200|ft|m|}} in length.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=44, 76}} A Jurassic Park gate, marking the start of the theme park tour, was built at the base of [[Mount Waialeale]].{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=77}}

[[File:Botanical Gardens Kauai, Hawaii - panoramio (8).jpg|thumb|Trees at [[Allerton Garden]], used for a scene involving a dinosaur nest]]
An early scene, set at an amber mine in the [[Dominican Republic]], was filmed near [[Hoʻopiʻi Falls]].{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=72}}<ref name=Leasca>{{cite web |last=Leasca |first=Stacey |title=16 'Jurassic Park' Filming Locations You Can Visit |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/attractions/jurassic-park-filming-locations |website=Travel + Leisure |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=September 18, 2024}}</ref> A meeting between Nedry and Dodgson was shot in [[Kapaʻa, Hawaii|Kapaa]], standing in for [[San José, Costa Rica]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bartlett |first=Tony |title=For Movie Buffs, Kauai Tour Guide Delivers the Reel Thing |url=https://www.travelweekly.com/Destinations2001-2007/For-Movie-Buffs-Kauai-Tour-Guide-Delivers-the-Reel-Thing |website=Travel Weekly |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=August 25, 1997}}</ref> The raptor enclosure set was built at [[Limahuli Garden and Preserve]], operated by the [[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] (NTBG).{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=72, 74}} [[Allerton Garden]], another NTBG property, was used in two instances: a set depicting the maintenance shed exterior, and a scene in which Grant discovers a dinosaur nest and realizes the animals are breeding.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=74, 77}}

Towering fences, standing {{convert|24|ft|m}}, were among the on-site construction work, representing the electrified perimeters of the ''T. rex'' enclosure during daytime scenes. Despite the simple design of the fencing, the project proved to be one of the most difficult for the production crew, as one of the filming sites was the remote Olokele Canyon. Special effects supervisor [[Michael Lantieri]] said "we had to haul all of this steel up there, drill holes like you would for telephone poles, pour concrete, and then pull all of the cables, which were three-quarter-inch aluminum with steel in the middle."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=79}}

[[File:Kualoa Ranch 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kualoa Ranch]] on [[Oahu]], where the ''[[Gallimimus]]'' scene was filmed]]
The longest stretch of fence measured over {{convert|200|ft|m}}, and more than six miles of cable were used in total. Spielberg wanted to avoid sagging in the cables, so the crew hired workers from a local company that was experienced with power lines. Lantieri called the project "an enormous job—and for very little payoff. People will look at the movie and say, 'Oh, there's a fence,' never realizing what it took to get it there."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=79}} The canyon location was used for a scene in which Grant and the children, on their way to the visitor center, must climb over the fence to proceed.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=69}}

On September 11, 1992, the last scheduled day of the Kauai shoot, [[Hurricane Iniki]] passed directly over the island. The cast and crew found out too late about the impending hurricane and took shelter at their hotel. Spielberg and a small crew ventured outside during the hurricane to capture brief footage, used in the film to depict the storm that hits Isla Nublar. A final scene, depicting a ''[[Gallimimus]]'' herd, was to be shot on Kauai, but the island was ravaged by the hurricane.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=85–86}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Sasaguay |first=Chris |title='Jurassic Park' Barely Survived Its Battle With Mother Nature |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-park-hurricane-delay/ |website=Collider |access-date=February 5, 2025 |date=September 8, 2023}}</ref> The scene was instead filmed two weeks later at [[Kualoa Ranch]], located on the island of [[Oahu]]. With its high cliffs, the ranch was considered more attractive than the empty plain that was originally planned for the scene.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=86, 134–5}} Despite the hurricane, the Hawaiian shoot came in essentially on budget and on schedule.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=87}}

====California====
[[File:View Over Universal Studios Backlot (2562140962).jpg|thumb|Most of the filming in California occurred on [[sound stage]]s, primarily at the [[Universal Studios Lot]]]]
By September 15, 1992, the cast and crew had moved to California, where the remainder of filming was scheduled to take place, primarily on [[sound stage]]s.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=87}} The majority of stage shooting occurred at the [[Universal Studios Lot]] in the Los Angeles area.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=43, 45}} Among the first sets to be used there was an industrial-sized kitchen, for when the raptors stalk Lex and Tim.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=89}}<ref name="Production notes" /> Because the kitchen was filled with reflective surfaces, Cundey had to carefully plan the illumination while also using black cloths to hide the light reflections.<ref name=pre/>{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=90}} The scene was shot on Stage 24,<ref name=JP1/> and other stages at Universal would also be used for ''Jurassic Park''.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=45}}

Filming moved to Stage 23 for scenes involving the maintenance shed interior, before moving to [[Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)|Red Rock Canyon]], which stood in as Grant's paleontological dig site.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=91–93}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Hammond |first=Jon |title=Pen in Hand: 'Jurassic Park' and 174 other films and pilots shot at Red Rock Canyon |url=https://www.bakersfield.com/entertainment/pen-in-hand-jurassic-park-and-174-other-films-and-pilots-shot-at-red-rock/article_ea523c92-53d4-11ed-a973-1b97d09e035a.html |access-date=February 5, 2025 |work=The Bakersfield Californian |date=October 24, 2022}}</ref> The filmmakers originally planned to shoot in [[Montana]], where the scene is set, but this was scrapped to save time and money. [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]], the film's paleontological advisor, was consulted to ensure an accurate representation of a dig site,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=91–93}} although other paleontologists have found the scene to be overly simplified and unrealistic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Black |first=Riley |title=The Most Ridiculous Scene in Jurassic Park |url=https://slate.com/technology/2013/04/jurassic-park-re-release-scientists-snort-at-the-dinosaur-excavation-scene.html |website=Slate |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=April 5, 2013}}</ref>

Filming continued to progress ahead of schedule,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=94}} with Spielberg crediting the project's extensive use of storyboards.<ref name=BiggestMovie/> Back at Universal, Stage 27 was decorated with real and synthetic jungle vegetation for various scenes.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=95}} The stage was used initially to depict Grant helping Tim out of a tour vehicle, after it has been shoved over a cliff by the ''T. rex'' and into a tree.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=43, 45}} Upon retrieving Tim, the vehicle begins to drop through the tree foliage, forcing the humans to quickly descend before being crushed. This was one of the most challenging scenes to shoot and required the creation of a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} artificial tree, made of steel, with the vehicle dropped down the tree multiple times to acquire the needed footage. Spielberg wanted the tree to appear three times taller than it actually was, so three sides were each decorated to represent a different portion of the vehicle drop.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=96–97}} The same steel structure was then redressed to serve as a different tree, for a scene in which Grant and the children take refuge and encounter a ''[[Brachiosaurus]]''.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=98–99}}<ref name=JP1/> Stage 28 was used for scenes taking place in the park's control room and laboratory.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=99}} Wong shot his scene on the latter set,{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=96}} over the course of a day or two.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jao |first=Charline |title=BD Wong Traces Relationship With Dr. Henry Wu, Wishes Him a Great Jurassic Death |url=https://www.themarysue.com/bd-wong-jurassic-death/ |website=The Mary Sue |access-date=February 9, 2025 |date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Warner Bros. Stage 16, Warner Bros. Studios (Burbank).jpg|thumb|left|Stage 16 at [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Warner Bros. Studios]] was used for the ''T. rex'' breakout sequence]]
Universal lacked a stage large enough to accommodate the ''T. rex'' breakout set, which was instead filmed on Stage 16 at [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Warner Bros. Studios]], located nearby.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=45}} Filming began there on October 27, 1992, with the stage decorated to match the Hawaii footage.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=103, 106}} The sequence is set at night during a storm, and the stage included rain machines and mud, making the shoot wet and messy for the cast and crew.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=111–112}} Spielberg anticipated that the sequence could be the most difficult of the film, due to the rain machines and the logistics of using a life-sized ''T. rex'' [[animatronic]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=105}} Complications arose when the ''T. rex'' began to shake and quiver from extra weight, as the dinosaur's foam rubber skin had absorbed a significant amount of the rainwater. Crew members had to dry the model with [[chamois leather|shammys]] between takes.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=110–112}}<ref name=pre/> The animatronic also lost a tooth during a scene in which it attacks the glass roof on one of the tour vehicles.<ref name=ABC/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ign.com/articles/jurassic-park-wfh-theater-joseph-mazzello-t-rex-blooper-tim-murphy-sequel | title=Jurassic Park: Hurricanes, T-Rex Bloopers and Other Hilarious Revelations About the Original Movie | date=April 24, 2020 }}</ref>

An early shot in the sequence focuses on the dashboard of one of the vehicles, with ripples forming in a glass of water, caused by the footsteps of the approaching ''T. rex''. This was inspired by Spielberg listening to [[Earth, Wind and Fire]] in his car, and the vibrations the bass rhythm caused. Lantieri was unsure how to create the shot until the night before filming when he put a glass of water on his guitar, which achieved the concentric circles in the water that Spielberg wanted. The next morning, guitar strings were put inside the car, and a man on the floor plucked them to achieve the effect.<ref name="Earl doc"/><ref>{{cite news |title=The 200 things that rocked our world |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=February 2006 |page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Grossman |first=David |title=There's a Neat Story Behind That Famous Water Cup Shot in 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/movies/a23887/jurassic-park-water-ripple/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> Like Gennaro, Malcolm was originally scripted to flee in fear from the ''T. rex''. This was changed with an on-set suggestion by Goldblum, who felt that heroic action was better. Instead, the scene features Malcolm using a flare to distract the dinosaur, allowing Grant to retrieve the children from the wrecked tour vehicle.<ref name="pre" />

The Warner Bros. set included the cliff that the ''T. rex'' shoves the vehicle over.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=107}} Koepp questioned the set design,{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=105}} which created an apparent [[plot hole]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Watson |first=Fay |title=Jurassic Park fans are still debating one of the film's biggest 'plot holes' |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/jurassic-park-plot-hole-t-rex-enclosure-argument/ |website=GamesRadar |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> as the cliff would appear seemingly where the dinosaur had broken out: "I asked Steven, 'Don't you think people are going to notice that suddenly there's this cliff?' And he looked at me like I was from another planet and pointed at the great big robot of the T. rex and said, 'There's a T. rex! They're not gonna notice anything else but that!' And he was right." Also filmed at Warner Bros. was the ''T. rex''{{'}}s pursuit of a Jeep.{{sfn|Mottram|2021|p=105}} Returning to Universal, the filmmakers shot scenes involving the deaths of Nedry and Muldoon, both on Stage 27;{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=112–113}}<ref name=JP1/> this location and Stage 16 were the only sound stages used for exterior scenes.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=45}}

The ''T. rex'' sequence at Warner Bros., shot weeks before the end of filming, made Spielberg realize the dinosaur as the main star of ''Jurassic Park''. He felt that audiences would be disappointed if the ''T. rex'' did not make a final appearance, and had the ending changed so the dinosaur faces off against multiple raptors in the visitor center, inadvertently saving the humans.<ref name=JP2/><ref name="Earl doc"/> Afterward, the ''T. rex'' makes what Spielberg described as a "King Kong roar" while a banner reading "When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth" falls.<ref name="pre" /> As previously written, ''Jurassic Park'' would end with a single raptor pursuing the humans and Grant using a platform machine to maneuver the dinosaur into a fossil tyrannosaur's jaws.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=118}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Reyes |first=Mike |title=Jurassic Park's Epic T-Rex Ending Almost Didn't Happen. Why That Changed |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/movies/jurassic-park-t-rex-ending |website=CinemaBlend |date=August 16, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> The visitor center interior was constructed on Stage 12 at Universal. Cundey shot the finale with wide lenses to show off as much of the set as possible, but this also made the placing of on-set lights a "painstaking" process.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=114–115}} ''Jurassic Park'' wrapped under budget and 12 days ahead of schedule on November 30, 1992.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=120}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Archerd |first=Army |title=Spielberg parks 'Jurassic' under sked, budget |work=Variety |date=December 1, 1992 |url=https://variety.com/1992/voices/columns/spielberg-parks-jurassic-under-sked-budget-1117862089/ |access-date=January 27, 2007 |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709010610/http://variety.com/1992/voices/columns/spielberg-parks-jurassic-under-sked-budget-1117862089/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dinosaurs on screen===
{{see also|Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park{{!}}Dinosaurs in ''Jurassic Park''}}
For ''Jurassic Park'', Spielberg sought to go beyond a simple monster movie,<ref name=dawn>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Dawn of a New Era |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> with Carter stating that they "tried to find the animal in the dinosaur as opposed to the monster in the dinosaur. The idea was not to make them any less threatening, but rather to keep them from doing as much 'monster schtick.'"{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=14}} Spielberg hired paleontologist [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] to ensure that the dinosaurs would be designed and portrayed accurately, based on then-current knowledge of the animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientist-behind-jurassic-world-breaks-down-trailer-180953505/|title=The Scientist Behind "Jurassic World", Jack Horner, Breaks Down the Movie's Thrilling Trailer|last=Kutner|first=Max|date=December 2, 2014|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Epstein |first=Sonia |title=Science on Screen: Interview with Jack Horner, Jurassic World |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2718/science-on-screen-interview-with-jack-horner-jurassic-world |date=June 14, 2016 |website=Sloan Science & Film |access-date=June 14, 2016 |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717105236/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2718/science-on-screen-interview-with-jack-horner-jurassic-world |url-status=live}}</ref> Certain concepts about dinosaurs were followed, like the theory they [[Origin of birds|evolved into birds]] and had very little in common with lizards. This prompted the removal of the raptors' flicking tongues in early [[animatics]],<ref name="Earl doc"/> as Horner complained it was implausible.<ref>{{cite news |last=French |first=Lawrence |work=[[Cinefantastique]] |volume=24 |number=2 |page=9 |title=Jurassic Park: Dinosaur Movements}}</ref>

Despite the film title's referencing the [[Jurassic]] period, ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' and ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' are the only dinosaurs featured that lived during that time; the other species in the film did not exist until the [[Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen]] |title=Dinomania |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=August 12, 1993 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/aug/12/dinomania/ |access-date=April 2, 2007 |archive-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606040242/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/aug/12/dinomania/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The latter period is mentioned early in the film when Grant describes the ferocity of ''[[Velociraptor]]'' to a young boy, saying: "Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pressherald.com/life/go/dino-mite_2013-04-04.html?pagenum=full |title=Movies: Dino-mite! Back to Jurassic Park, in 3-D |date=April 4, 2013 |work=[[Portland Press Herald]] |author=Guzman, Rafer |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113170554/http://www.pressherald.com/life/go/dino-mite_2013-04-04.html?pagenum=full |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Effects====
[[File:Dennis Muren.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dennis Muren]], seen in 2007, oversaw the computer-generated dinosaurs created by [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM)]]
The dinosaurs were created through various methods, including [[animatronics]] and [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI).<ref name=JP2>{{cite web |title=Behind the Scenes |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Behind.html |website=Lost-World.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970401113345fw_/http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Behind.html |archive-date=April 1, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Visiting 'Jurassic Park' For Real |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/movies/film-visiting-jurassic-park-for-real.html |access-date=February 6, 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1993}}</ref> Spielberg sought to use full-scale dinosaurs on-set as much as possible, rather than relying on [[stop motion]], a [[post-production]] method commonly used in dinosaur films up to that point.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=16}} He knew, early on, that stop motion would still be needed for [[wide shot]]s of the dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=51}} To help create the dinosaurs, Spielberg consulted and worked closely with [[Dennis Muren]], an effects supervisor at [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM), which had already provided effects for several of his films.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=17}}<ref name=BiggestMovie>{{cite web |title=How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park/ |website=Empire |date=August 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620212726/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Spielberg hired [[Phil Tippett]] to create the dinosaur wide shots using [[go-motion]], a variation of stop-motion, with ILM set to refine his work through [[compositing]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=38, 48}}

Separately, Spielberg thought of hiring ride designer [[Bob Gurr]] to create the full-scale dinosaurs,<ref name=McBride>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Joseph |title=Steven Spielberg: A Biography, Second Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-837-7 |pages=418, 420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jf9HBgttTeQC&pg=PA420 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> having been impressed by his work on a giant mechanical [[King Kong]], made for the [[King Kong Encounter]] at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=18–19}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Nigel |title=A Companion to Steven Spielberg |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-72680-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> Upon reflection, Spielberg felt that Gurr's life-sized robots would be too expensive and unconvincing.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=18–19}}<ref name="Earl doc"/> Spielberg then contacted effects artist [[Stan Winston]],{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=19}} having seen his work on the [[Queen Alien|queen alien]] in the 1986 film ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''. Winston said the queen was easy compared to a dinosaur animatronic, because it was lightweight and did not have to look like a real animal. Nevertheless, he was intrigued by the offer to work on ''Jurassic Park''.<ref>{{cite web |last=MacManus |first=Christopher |title=Making the dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.cnet.com/pictures/making-the-dinosaurs-of-jurassic-park-pictures/ |website=CNET |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=April 10, 2013}}</ref>

Winston had one of his company artists, Mark "Crash" McCreery, create numerous dinosaur sketches.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=20–21}} These impressed Universal, which eventually hired Winston's team to make the film's on-set dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=23}} Winston and ILM also worked together on the film ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'', released in 1991.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=48}} As with previous films, Winston's workers consisted of two groups: the art department, responsible in this case for the dinosaurs' outer appearance; and the mechanical department, which would handle the technical inner workings.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=24}} Winston's crew created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding [[latex]] skins, which were fitted over complex robotics.<ref name="Earl doc"/> Sound stages were considered the most ideal filming environment for the animatronics, allowing sets to be built on elevated platforms with the mechanics of the dinosaurs concealed underneath.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=43}}

[[File:Museo Cinema Torino - Jurassic Park step motion diorama.jpg|thumb|A pre-production ''T. rex'' model, displayed at the [[National Museum of Cinema]] of [[Turin]], Italy]]
In addition to wide shots, Tippett was tasked with creating go-motion [[animatics]] early on to help develop two major sequences: one depicting the ''T. rex'' breakout, and the other involving the raptors in the kitchen. His team built the dinosaur puppets and based their design on maquettes made by Winston.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=47}}<ref name="Earl doc"/> Despite go motion's attempts at [[motion blur]]s, Spielberg found the end results unsatisfactory for a live-action feature film.<ref name="Earl doc" /> He wanted to include a stampede of dinosaur herds, but was unsure how to achieve this. After breaking new ground with the CGI effects in ''Terminator 2'', Muren thought ILM could handle the stampede rather than Tippett: "Creating herds of animals with puppets would be very difficult, so I thought maybe that was something we might be able to do with computer graphics."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=48}}<ref name=BiggestMovie/>

ILM animator [[Steve Williams (animator)|Steve Williams]] believed that more could be done with CGI than just the stampede: "All of us wanted a crack at the T-rex, but we thought we could never get it because Stan was already in there, and so was Phil. But the attraction was strong, so I secretly started building some T-rex bones in the computer." Williams scanned various photographs to create his virtual skeleton and then animated a [[walk cycle]] for it. Fellow animator [[Mark A.Z. Dippé|Mark Dippé]] also believed that CGI could be used for the film on a large scale, pushing Muren for months to consider the possibility. Muren, Kennedy and Molen were impressed when Williams unveiled his skeleton animation, and Muren was given approval to explore the use of CGI for the herd shots.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=49}}

The ''T. rex'' animation was examined further. Winston's fifth-scale prototype of the dinosaur was scanned by [[Cyberware (company)|Cyberware]], and the data was refined with various computer programs to fit over the skeleton, creating a digital ''T. rex''. Other programs were used to animate the creature, with the finished result impressing Spielberg so much that he scrapped the go-motion method, instead tasking ILM with creating digital dinosaurs for full-body shots.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=50–53}} Upon seeing the ''T. rex'' animation, Tippett had declared, "I think I'm extinct." Spielberg had this incorporated into the script: Grant, impressed by Jurassic Park's living dinosaurs, says to Sattler, "We're out of a job," to which Malcolm replies, "Don't you mean extinct?"<ref name="Earl doc" /><ref name=McBride/>

[[File:Dinosaur Input Device Velociraptor.jpg|thumb|left|The "Dinosaur Input Device" raptor used for the film]]
Tippett had assembled a 30-person crew to prepare for the go-motion segments; Spielberg did not wish to lose his expertise, and Muren sought to keep him involved with the project as an advisor to ILM's animators. Muren later noted that "this is the first generation of computer animators, and they are struggling with hardware and software limitations that make the process excruciatingly painful and slow." Although Tippett disliked computers, Muren eventually convinced him to remain involved on ''Jurassic Park''. Tippett and the ILM team spent approximately a month learning each other's respective fields.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=50–53}}

Tippett acted as a consultant for dinosaur anatomy,<ref name="Earl doc" /> and his animatics were used, along with storyboards, as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences.<ref name=pre>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> ILM's artists were sent on private tours to a local animal park, so they could study large animals – rhinos, elephants, alligators, and giraffes – up close. They also took [[mime]] classes to aid in understanding movements.<ref name=back/> Special effects work continued during post-production, as Tippett's unit adjusted to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm |title=Dinosaur Input Device |author=Knep, Brian |author2=Hayes, Craig |author3=Sayre, Rick |author4=Williams, Tom |year=1995 |work=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |pages=304–309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121054959/http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm |archive-date=November 21, 2008}}</ref> models that fed information into computers, allowing them to animate the dinosaurs like stop-motion puppets. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and ''Gallimimus''.<ref name="Earl doc"/>

The CGI dinosaurs by ILM, based on Winston's designs,<ref name=BiggestMovie/> took nearly a year to complete.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jurassic-park-how-cgi-was-used-2014-11 |title=How 4 Minutes Of CGI Dinosaurs In 'Jurassic Park' Took A Year To Make |website=Insider |date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> Compositing the animals onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, while the ''T. rex'' in the rain required six hours per frame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011192636/http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html |archive-date=October 11, 2006 |title=Jurassic Park – The Illusion of Life |access-date=April 19, 2008 |author=Peterson, John |author2=Williams, Steve |author3=Letteri, Joe |year=1994 |work=Silicon Valley ACM Siggraph |page=1}}</ref> ''Jurassic Park'' has more than 50 CGI shots, with the end fight between the ''T. rex'' and raptors using all-CGI dinosaurs,<ref name="Earl doc"/> something that made Spielberg nervous until he saw the finished result.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=118–119}} The 127-minute film has 15 minutes of total screen time for the dinosaurs, including nine minutes of animatronics and six minutes of CGI.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news |last1=Effron |first1=Lauren |last2=Gowen |first2=Gwen |title='Jurassic Park' turns 25: Behind-the-scenes moments you may not have known about the iconic summer thriller |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/jurassic-park-turns-25-scenes-moments-iconic-summer/story?id=55332468 |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Britton |first= P. | title = The WOW Factor |journal=Popular Science |page=90 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3oRpYBVRP7wC&q=6.5+minutes&pg=PA88 |year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title=Jurassic Park Special Effects Before and After |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-park-special-effects/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=June 16, 2014}}</ref>

====List====
{{see also|Rexy|Velociraptors in Jurassic Park{{!}}''Velociraptors'' in ''Jurassic Park''}}
[[File:StanWinstonTRex.jpg|upright=1.13|thumb|right|The life-sized animatronic ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' on the set. It is the largest sculpture ever made by Stan Winston Studio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-t-rex-sculpting-a-full-size-dinosaur |title=Jurassic Park's T-Rex – Sculpting a Full-Size Dinosaur |date=December 15, 2012 |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015011757/https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-t-rex-sculpting-a-full-size-dinosaur |url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=A life-sized Tyrannosaurus robotic model, with hydraulics where the dinosaur's feet would be, touches a car in a movie set.]]
Various dinosaurs are featured throughout the film:
* ''[[Alamosaurus]]'' appears as a skeleton in the Jurassic Park visitor center.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/see-tyrannosaurus-take-a-bite-out-of-alamosaurus-41321171/ |title=See Tyrannosaurus Take a Bite out of Alamosaurus |last=Black |first=Riley |date=March 25, 2009 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607065112/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/see-tyrannosaurus-take-a-bite-out-of-alamosaurus-41321171/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' is the first dinosaur the park's visitors see. It is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food and standing up on its hind legs to browse among the high tree branches.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} According to artist Andy Schoneberg, the chewing was done to make the animal seem docile, resembling a cow chewing its cud. The dinosaur's head and upper neck was the largest puppet without hydraulics built for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/rehearsing-jurassic-park-brachiosaurus-puppet |title=Jurassic Park's Brachiosaurus Animatronic Puppet Rehearsal |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106045630/https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/rehearsing-jurassic-park-brachiosaurus-puppet |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite scientific evidence of ''Brachiosaurus'' having limited vocal capabilities, sound designer [[Gary Rydstrom]] decided to represent them with [[whale sound|whale songs]] and [[donkey]] calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder. [[Penguin]]s were also recorded to be used in the noises of the dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}
* ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' is also very different from its real-life counterpart, made significantly smaller to ensure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=36}} Its [[neck frill]] and its ability to spit venom are fictitious. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a [[swan]], a [[hawk]], a [[howler monkey]], and a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Earl doc" /> The animatronic model, nicknamed "Spitter" by Winston's team, was animated by the puppeteers sitting on a trench in the set floor, using a [[paintball]] mechanism to spit the mixture of [[methyl cellulose]] and [[K-Y Jelly]] that served as venom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/making-jurassic-park-dilophosaurus-aka-spitter |title=Jurassic Park's Spitter – Building the animatronic Dilophosaurus dinosaur puppet |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |date=April 5, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106045329/https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/making-jurassic-park-dilophosaurus-aka-spitter |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Gallimimus]]'' are featured in a stampede scene in which the ''Tyrannosaurus'' eats one of them. The ''Gallimimus'' was the first dinosaur to be digitized, featured in two ILM tests, initially as a herd of skeletons and then fully skinned while pursued by the ''T. rex''.<ref name="Earl doc" /> Its design was based on [[ostrich]]es, and to emphasize the birdlike qualities, the animation focused mostly on the herd rather than individual animals.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=135}} As reference for the dinosaurs' run, the animators were filmed running at the ILM parking lot, with plastic pipes standing in as a fallen tree that the ''Gallimimus'' jump over.<ref name=next/> The footage inspired the incorporation of an animal falling, as one of the artists did trying to make the jump.<ref name=back>{{cite web |url=http://www.fxguide.com/featured/welcome-back-to-jurassic-park/ |title=Welcome (back) to Jurassic Park |first=Ian |last=Failes |website=FX Guide |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209073515/http://www.fxguide.com/featured/welcome-back-to-jurassic-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Horse squeals became the ''Gallimimus''{{'}}s sounds.<ref name=vult>{{cite news |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/how-the-dino-sounds-in-jurassic-park-were-made.html |date=September 4, 2013 |title=You'll Never Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were Made |work=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]] |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |access-date=January 15, 2014 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116114627/http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/how-the-dino-sounds-in-jurassic-park-were-made.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Parasaurolophus]]'' appear in the background during the first encounter with the ''Brachiosaurus''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfSnkQ4VO24C&pg=PA45 |title=Jurassic Park |journal=[[Popular Science]] |date=November 1996 |author=Nelson, Ray |access-date=February 18, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913025918/https://books.google.com/books?id=OfSnkQ4VO24C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Triceratops]]'' has an extended cameo, depicted as sick from eating a toxic plant. Its appearance was a logistical nightmare for Winston when Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=83}} The model, operated by eight puppeteers on Kauai, was the first dinosaur filmed during production,<ref name=dawn/> and was the only one brought to Hawaii for filming.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=59}} Winston also created a baby ''Triceratops'' for Richards to ride, a scene cut from the script for pacing reasons.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=64}} Rydstrom combined the sound of himself breathing into a cardboard tube with the cows near his workplace at [[Skywalker Ranch]] to create the ''Triceratops'' vocals.<ref name=vult />
* The ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' (an individual later referred to by fans as "[[Rexy]]")<ref>{{cite web|last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Original Jurassic Park T-Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 |url=http://movieweb.com/jurassic-world-2-classic-tyrannosaurus-rex-returning-rexy/ |website=MovieWeb |date=April 3, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420043826/http://movieweb.com/jurassic-world-2-classic-tyrannosaurus-rex-returning-rexy/ |archive-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref> was partly represented by a life-sized animatronic, which stood {{convert|20|ft|m|disp=flip}}, weighed {{convert|7900|kg|lb}},{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=95–105}} and was {{convert|40|ft|m|disp=flip}} long.<ref name="magic">{{cite magazine |author=[[Richard Corliss|Corliss, Richard]] |title=Behind the Magic of Jurassic Park |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 26, 1993 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930102341/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |access-date=January 26, 2007}}</ref> It was the largest creature made by Winston's studio up to that point.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=104}} Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".<ref name="magic" /> While the consulting paleontologists did not agree on the dinosaur's movement, particularly its running capabilities, animator [[Steve Williams (animator)|Steve Williams]] decided to "throw physics out the window and create a ''T. rex'' that moved at sixty miles per hour even though its hollow bones would have busted if it ran that fast".{{sfn|Shone|2004|p=217}} The major reason was the ''T. rex'' chasing a Jeep, a scene that took two months to finish.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} The dinosaur is depicted with a vision system based on movement, though later studies indicate the ''T. rex'' had [[binocular vision]] comparable to a [[bird of prey]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sight+for+'saur+eyes%3A+T.+rex+vision+was+among+nature's+best.-a0148185715 |title=Sight for 'saur eyes: T. rex vision was among nature's best. |work=[[Science News]] |author=Jaffe, Eric |date=June 28, 2006 |access-date=January 15, 2014 |archive-date=December 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214151518/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sight+for+%27saur+eyes%3A+T.+rex+vision+was+among+nature%27s+best.-a0148185715 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its roar is a baby [[elephant]]'s squeal combined with [[alligator]] and [[crocodile]] noises as well as a [[tiger]]'s snarl and a [[lion]]'s roar,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/how-they-designed-the-jurassic-park-t-rex-roar/|title=How They Designed The T-Rex Roar in 'Jurassic Park'|website=Film School Rejects|date=December 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-park-t-rex-roar-creation/|title=How Jurassic Park Created the T-Rex Roar|website=CBR.com|date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> its grunts those of a male [[koala]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-12 |title=Why does Hollywood get animals so wrong? And why does it often involve a kookaburra? |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2022-03-13/koala-roar-jurassic-park-hollywood-sound-effects-animals/100875044 |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318225252/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2022-03-13/koala-roar-jurassic-park-hollywood-sound-effects-animals/100875044 |url-status=live}}</ref> and its breath a [[whale]]'s blow.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} A dog attacking a rope toy was used for the sounds of the ''T. rex'' tearing a ''Gallimimus'' apart,<ref name="Earl doc" /> while cut [[Sequoia (genus)|sequoias]] crashing to the ground became the sound of its footsteps.<ref name=pre/> 
* ''[[Velociraptor]]'' plays a major role in the film. [[Velociraptors in Jurassic Park|The creature's depiction]] is not based on the actual dinosaur genus, which was significantly smaller. Crichton instead based his version on ''[[Deinonychus]]'', which his research had indicated to be a ''Velociraptor'' relative.<ref>{{cite web |last=Black |first=Riley |title=You say "Velociraptor", I say "Deinonychus" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/you-say-velociraptor-i-say-deinonychus-33789870/ |website=Smithsonian |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=November 7, 2008}}</ref> He kept the ''Velociraptor'' name as he thought it sounded more dramatic.<ref>{{cite news |last=Musante |first=Fred |title=Lessons for the Future in Ancient Bones |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/nyregion/lessons-for-the-future-in-ancient-bones.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 29, 1997 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020810/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/nyregion/lessons-for-the-future-in-ancient-bones.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly before ''Jurassic Park''{{'}}s release,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-do-we-really-know-about-utahraptor-95334335/ |title=What Do We Really Know About Utahraptor? &#124; Dinosaur Tracking |doi=10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852 |newspaper=Smithsonian Magazine |s2cid=220414868 |access-date=January 24, 2013 |date=August 22, 2001 |volume=21 |issue=sup003 |pages=1–117 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110184328/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-do-we-really-know-about-utahraptor-95334335/ |url-status=live |issn = 0272-4634 }}</ref> the similar ''[[Utahraptor]]'' was discovered, although it proved even bigger than the film's raptors. This prompted Winston to joke, "After we created it, they discovered it".<ref name="magic" /> For the attack on Muldoon and parts of the kitchen sequence, the raptors were [[Suitmation|played by men in suits]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=113–114}} Other methods would also be used to portray the dinosaurs, including on-set puppets.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Ultimate Guide to Jurassic Park |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK9lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Time Home Entertainment |date=June 15, 2018 |pages=66 |isbn=9781547843688 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201183745/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK9lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}</ref> During a take on the kitchen set, one of the raptors slammed into Mazzello, who sustained a minor head injury from its hand claw.<ref>{{cite web |last=Deckelmeier |first=Joe |title=Joseph Mazzello Interview: Jurassic Park |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-park-joseph-mazzello-interview/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=April 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clements |first=Erin |title='Bohemian Rhapsody' star Joseph Mazzello looks back on 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/bohemian-rhapsody-star-joseph-mazzello-looks-back-jurassic-park-t139022 |website=Today.com |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> [[Dolphin]] screams, [[walrus]]es bellowing, [[geese]] hissing,<ref name="Earl doc" /> [[Grey-crowned crane|an African crane]]'s [[mating call]], [[tortoise]]s mating, and human rasps were mixed to formulate various raptor sounds.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=vult/> Following discoveries made after the film's release, most paleontologists theorize that [[dromaeosaur]]s like ''Velociraptor'' and ''[[Deinonychus]]'' were [[Feathered dinosaur|covered with feathers]] like modern birds. This feature is included in ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' for the male raptors, which have a row of small quills on their heads.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. S. Paul |date=2002 |title=Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds |location=Baltimore |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]}}</ref>

===Post-production===
[[Film editing|Editing]] had already started during filming, and within days of wrapping, Kahn had a [[rough cut]] ready, allowing Spielberg to start filming ''[[Schindler's List]]''.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=123, 126}} During this time, Spielberg left Kennedy in charge of the day-to-day [[post-production]] responsibilities on ''Jurassic Park''.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=121–123}} He monitored the progress while filming in Poland,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=138}} and had teleconferences four times a week with ILM's crew.<ref name=next/> Spielberg estimated that 40 percent of the post-production process was done through this long-distance arrangement.<ref name=BiggestMovie/> He said working simultaneously on two vastly different productions was "a bipolar experience", where he used "every ounce of intuition on ''Schindler's List'' and every ounce of craft on ''Jurassic Park''".<ref name=next/>

Along with the digital effects, Spielberg wanted the film to be the first with digital sound. He funded the creation of [[DTS (sound system)|DTS]] (Digital Theater Systems) to allow audiences to "really hear the movie the way it was intended to be heard".<ref name=next>"Return to Jurassic Park: The Next Step in Evolution", ''Jurassic Park'' Blu-ray (2011)</ref> The sound effects crew was supervised by Spielberg's friend and ILM founder [[George Lucas]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=123}} Spielberg flew on weekends from Poland to Paris, where he met with sound designer [[Gary Rydstrom]] for updates. Rydstrom considered the sound process fun, given the film had all kinds of noise—animal sounds, rain, gunshots, car crashes—and at times no music.<ref name=next/> The process was finished by the end of April 1993.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}

As well as the CGI dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards's stunt double.<ref name="Earl doc" /> Software used to create the dinosaurs and other visual effects included [[Pixar]]'s [[Pixar RenderMan|RenderMan]] and [[Softimage 3D]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pixar's RenderMan a true lasting effect |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixars-renderman-a-true-lasting-117229 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 11, 2008 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113183140/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/pixars-renderman-a-true-lasting-117229 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/features/motion-graphics/long-lonely-death-of-softimage/|newspaper=Digital Arts|access-date=June 14, 2015|title=The long and lonely death of Softimage|archive-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616094409/http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/features/motion-graphics/long-lonely-death-of-softimage/|url-status=live}}</ref> ILM also used the program Viewpaint, which allowed the visual effects artists to paint color and texture directly onto the surface of the computer models.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vfxblog.com/viewpaint/ |title=Viewpaint: ILM's secret weapon on Jurassic Park |website=vfxblog.com |date=May 23, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref> ''Jurassic Park'' was completed on May 28, 1993, after ILM concluded its CGI work.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=138, 147}}