Editing Juilliard School (section)

=== Expansion and growth: 1946–1990 ===
Juilliard's third president, [[William Schuman]], an American composer and the first [[Pulitzer Prize for Music]] winner, led the school from 1945 to 1961 and brought about several significant changes to raise the school's academic standards. In 1946, Schuman completely consolidated the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School to form a single institution and created the [[Juilliard String Quartet]] as the school's main quartet-in-residence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Thomas |title=The Juilliard String Quartet Remains at the Nexus of Continuity and Change as it Celebrates Its 75th Anniversary |url=https://stringsmagazine.com/juilliard-string-quartet-celebrates-75th-anniversary/ |website=Strings Magazine |date=December 3, 2021 |access-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref>{{efn|William Schuman, a graduate from [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Columbia's Teachers College]] (BS 1935, MA 1937), attended the Juilliard Summer School in 1932, 1933 and 1936. While attending Juilliard Summer School, he developed a personal dislike for traditional music theory and ear training curricula, finding little value in [[counterpoint]] and [[Ear training|dictation]]. When Schuman became president, he brought several new teachers to the school, including violinist [[Ivan Galamian]], pianist [[Beveridge Webster]], cellist [[Leonard Rose]], and conductor [[Jean Paul Morel|Jean Morel]].{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=142–158}}}} During his tenure, Schuman cut down enrollment by more than half, eliminated the Juilliard Summer School and Music Education Program,{{efn|The school had about 1,400 students in 1945, which decreased to 600 students at the end of Schuman's tenure in 1961. After World War II, more than 500 were supported by the [[G.I. Bill]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1946-09-26 |title=Juilliard Enrolls 1,800: Record Matriculation Includes 500 Veterans Under GI Bill |page=41|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/107597968 |access-date=2022-09-12 |id={{ProQuest|107597968}} |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wise |first1=Brian |title=Polisi's Biography of Schuman Is Published |url=http://journal.juilliard.edu/journal/polisis-biography-schuman-published |website=Juilliard Journal |date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |edition=6th |chapter=The Juilliard School |url=https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/social-science/education/college-us/juilliard-school-the|via=Infoplease.com|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> and opened Juilliard's admission to non-Americans.{{efn|The Juilliard Graduate School previously allowed students from Australia to enter the school since the former president Ernest Hutcheson was from Australia. In 1946, about 52 international students enrolled in Juilliard, making up 2 percent of the student population. The two most represented countries were Canada and Australia. In 1950, the percentage of international was 8.5 percent, with many students coming from Israel. Later Japanese and Korean students would make up the most significant portion of internationals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Polisi |first1=Joseph |title=The Artist as Citizen |date=2005 |publisher=Amadeus Press |location=Pompton Plains, New Jersey|page=68 |isbn=9781574671032 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa5pp8ScvxwC&dq=William+Schuman+allows+non-Americans+to+study+at+Juilliard&pg=PA68 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>}}

Schuman discontinued the Theory Department and initiated a new curriculum called the ''Literature and Materials of Music'' (L&M), which began in 1947–1948, and was based on the assumption that musical theory education "should transfer theoretical knowledge into practical performance." Designed for composers to teach, the more practical-orientated curriculum would provide an overview of the "literature of music". L&M was a reaction against more formal theory and ear training, and as a result did not have a formal structure and allowed for more flexibility.{{efn|The general mandate was "to give the student an awareness of the dynamic nature of the materials of music". The quality and degree of each student's education in harmony, music history, or ear training depended on how each composer-teacher decided to interpret this mandate. In the first couple of years, students from all musical backgrounds would study together and obtain a general survey of music materials and literature. Later years would focus on the literature specific to one's musical instrument or area of study.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schuman|first=William|author-link=William Schuman|title=On Teaching the Literature and Materials of Music |journal=[[The Musical Quarterly]]|date=April 1948 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=155–168|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/mq/XXXIV.2.155 |jstor=739302}}</ref>}}

Schuman established the school's Dance Department under [[Martha Hill]]'s direction in 1951, intending that students in the program would receive an education in [[dance]], [[choreography]], and music.<ref name="BriefHistory" />{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=205–206}} The department, later renamed the Dance Division, offered performance opportunities through the Juilliard Dance Theatre (1954–1958) and later the Juilliard Dance Ensemble (founded {{Circa|1960}}), which often collaborated with the Juilliard Orchestra. For many years, the Juilliard Dance Department shared facilities with the [[School of American Ballet]].{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=194–215}}

In 1957, after two years of deliberation, the Juilliard School of Music board announced that the school would relocate from upper Manhattan to the future [[Lincoln Center]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Schonberg |first=Harold C.|author-link=Harold C. Schonberg|date=1957-02-07 |title=Juilliard to Move to Lincoln Sq. and Add Training in the Drama |page=1 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/114170325 |access-date=2022-09-12 |id={{ProQuest|114170325}} |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> The Lincoln Center would cover the costs for the construction project, but the school would have to instruct exclusively advanced students, introduce a drama program and cut its Preparatory School.{{efn|The committee that created the [[Lincoln Center]], which included [[Charles Spofford]] and [[John D. Rockefeller III]], wanted to have an educational center at the Lincoln Center. The committee looked at several possibilities, including the Juilliard School of Music, [[Columbia University]], and [[New York University]], but did not consider the [[Mannes College of Music]] or [[Manhattan School of Music]]. The main requirement was that the school should focus on professional and advanced training for performance.{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=176–178}}}} Juilliard's new building at Lincoln Center would be designed by [[Pietro Belluschi]] with associates [[Eduardo Catalano]] and Helge Westermann.<ref name=":0" /> The Juilliard School building at Lincoln Center was completed on October 26, 1969, officially opening with a dedication ceremony and concert.{{efn|The opening ceremony included a concert at [[Alice Tully Hall]] (built into the Juilliard School) with the Juilliard Orchestra under [[Leopold Stokowski]] and [[Jean Paul Morel]], and with soloists [[Itzhak Perlman]], [[Shirley Verrett]], and [[Van Cliburn]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gent |first=George |date=1969-10-27 |title=Juilliard School Dedication Marks Completion of Lincoln Center; The Juilliard School Is Dedicated |page=1|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/10/27/archives/juilliard-school-dedication-marks-completion-of-lincoln-center-the.html |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref>}}{{efn|The construction of Lincoln Center began in 1959. However, the new Juilliard school building was only completed in 1969, even though it was one of the first structures to be included in the design of Lincoln Center. Many factors contributed to this delay, such as the complexity of the building (with soundproof rooms and various-sized rooms having to be fit together), excessive engineering and material costs, and land disputes. The total cost of Lincoln Center amounted to $185 million, of which nearly $30 million was for the new Juilliard school complex.{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=179–184}}}} With Lincoln Center's prestige came a newly elevated status for the Juilliard School.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knight |first1=Gladys |title=Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture |date=August 11, 2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California|page=467}}</ref>{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|page=171}}
[[File:Juilliard School at the Lincoln Center in 1969.jpeg|left|thumb|250px|The Juilliard School at the [[Lincoln Center]] as initially opened in 1969]]

William Schuman assumed the presidency of Lincoln Center in 1962 and composer [[Peter Mennin]] succeeded him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parmenter |first=Ross|author-link=Ross Parmenter|date=1962-06-11 |title=Composer Named Juilliard's Head; Peter Mennin to Lead Music School into Arts Center|page=1|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/11/archives/composer-named-juilliards-head-peter-mennin-to-lead-music-school.html |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref> Mennin made substantial changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, adding performances and composition in class, and hiring the well-known pedagogue [[Renée Longy]] to teach [[solfège]]. Mennin organized several new programs, such as Juilliard's Master Class Program and Doctoral Music Program.{{efn|Mennin additionally started the American Opera Center, Conductors' Training Program, Contemporary Music Festival, Playwrights' Program and the Theater Center. Mennin brought several notable composers to teach at Juilliard, including [[Roger Sessions]], [[Elliott Carter]] and [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Mennin |url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/m/ma-mn/peter-mennin/ |publisher=[[The Kennedy Center]]|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Juilliard Head Peter Mennin Is Dead at 60 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/06/19/juilliard-head-peter-mennin-is-dead-at-60/266fae6f-0e71-43d6-8a22-6fcfe7de0439/ |access-date=January 31, 2023 |agency=The Washington Post |date=June 19, 1983}}</ref> Under Mennin, Juilliard's international reputation grew as several alumni won competitive international competitions.{{efn|Notable alumni, who won competitive international and national competitions and led international careers in the 1960s and 1970s, include [[Itzhak Perlman]], [[Yo-Yo Ma]], [[Leontyne Price]], [[Kyung Wha Chung]], and [[Pinchas Zukerman]], among others.}} In the 1950s, the school received international attention when alumnus [[Van Cliburn]] won the [[International Tchaikovsky Competition]].{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=252–253}}

In 1968, Mennin hired [[John Houseman]] to manage the new Drama Division as director and [[Michel Saint-Denis]] as associate director and consultant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Calta |first1=Louis |title=Juilliard Class Gives 18 to New Troupe|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/04/archives/juilliard-class-gives-18-to-new-troupe.html |access-date=February 2, 2023|date=August 4, 1972}}</ref> The School's name was changed to The Juilliard School to reflect its broadened mission to educate musicians, dancers, directors, and actors.<ref name="BriefHistory">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=A Brief History |url=https://www.juilliard.edu/school/brief-history |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=The Juilliard School}}</ref> The drama department first only trained actors, of which the first class graduated as Group 1 in 1972, but added playwrights and directors programs in the 1990s.{{sfn|Olmstead|1999|pages=228, 236–237}} Houseman founded [[The Acting Company]] in 1972, which allowed Juilliard students to perform and tour throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Mission |url=https://theactingcompany.org/history-and-mission |website=The Acting Company |access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Also in 1972, [[Lila Acheson Wallace]] donated $5 million to Juilliard, which later named the Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program after her.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Allen |title=Mrs. DeWitt Wallace Donates $5-Million to Juilliard|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/24/archives/mrs-dewitt-wallace-donates-5million-to-juilliard.html |access-date=February 7, 2023|date=May 24, 1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PlaywritingArtist DiplomaApplication & Audition Requirements |url=https://www.juilliard.edu/arm/drama/college/playwriting/artist-diploma |website=Juilliard |access-date=February 7, 2023}}</ref>