Editing Juan de Oñate (section)

===Ácoma Massacre===
{{main|Acoma Massacre}}
In October 1598, a skirmish erupted when a squad of Oñate's men stopped to trade for food supplies at the [[Acoma Pueblo]]. The Ácoma themselves needed their stored food to survive the coming winter. The Ácoma resisted and 11 Spaniards were ambushed and killed, including Oñate's nephew, [[Juan de Zaldívar (Spanish soldier)|Juan de Zaldívar]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/American_Latino_Heritage/San_Gabriel_de_Yunque_Ouinge.html
|title=San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge: San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico
|publisher=National Park Service, US Department of the Interior
|series=Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary: American Latino Heritage
}}=
</ref> 
In January 1599, Oñate condemned the conflict as an insurrection and ordered the ''pueblo'' destroyed, a mandate carried out by Juan de Zaldívar's brother, [[Vicente de Zaldívar]], in an offensive known as the [[Ácoma Massacre]]. An estimated 800–1,000 Ácoma died in the siege of the ''pueblo.'' Much later, when King [[Philip III of Spain]] heard the news of the massacre, and the punishments, Oñate was banished from New Mexico for his cruelty to the natives, and exiled from Mexico for five years, convicted by the Spanish government of using "excessive force" against the [[Acoma people]].<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|title=Background {{!}} The Last Conquistador|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/lastconquistador/background/|website=POV PBS {{!}} American Documentary Inc.|date=22 January 2008|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925220604/http://www.pbs.org/pov/lastconquistador/background/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oñate later returned to Spain to live out the remainder of his life.<ref>Simmons, p. 145</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|author=Ramon A. Gutierrez
|title=When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|date=February 1, 1991
|page=53
}}</ref>

Of the 500 or so survivors,<ref>Simmons, p. 143</ref> at a trial at [[Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico|Ohkay Owingeh]], Oñate sentenced all men and women older than 12 to twenty years of forced "personal servitude". In addition, men older than 25 (24 individuals) were to have a foot amputated.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> According to recent research, there is no evidence of this happening and that, at most, the prisoners lost some toes. This latter theory makes sense, for losing toes rather than a whole foot left the prisoners useful as servants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chavez, Thomas E.|title=New Mexico past and future|date=2006|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=0-8263-3444-X|location=Albuquerque|oclc=70054191 |page=54}}</ref> In Onate's personal journal, he specifically refers to the punishment of the Acoma warriors as cutting off "las puntas del pie" (the points of the foot, the toes).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilbert|first=Donald A. Chavez Y.|title=OPINION {{!}} An accurate accounting of the history of Oñate|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1090770/an-accurate-accounting-of-the-history-of-ontildeate.html|access-date=2020-06-22|website=www.abqjournal.com|language=en-US}}</ref>