Editing Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (section)

=== Expeditions in the Americas ===
He accompanied Francisco de Orozco to subdue the indigenous [[Mixtec]] people at what would eventually become the city of [[Oaxaca, Oaxaca|Oaxaca]], in Mexico.<ref name="Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo">{{cite book| title=An Account of the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo|year=1999|publisher=Cabrillo National Monument Foundation|location=San Diego, CA|isbn=0-941032-07-8|pages=10–11}}</ref> Little is known of what Cabrillo did there.

In 1539, [[Francisco de Ulloa]], who had been commissioned by Cortés, explored and named the Sea of Cortés ([[Gulf of California]]) and reached nearly as far north as the 30th parallel.<ref>Engstrand, Iris, and Harry Kelsey, "Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo and the Building of the San Salvador," ''Mains'l Haul: A Journal of Pacific Maritime History,'' vol. 45, Winter/Spring 2009, pp. 36, 39–40</ref> Cabrillo was then commissioned by the new [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Viceroy of New Spain]], [[Antonio de Mendoza]], to lead an expedition up the [[West coast of the United States|Pacific coast]] in search of trade opportunities, perhaps to find a way to China (for the full extent of the northern Pacific was unknown) or to find the mythical Strait of Anián (or [[Northwest Passage]]) connecting the Pacific Ocean with [[Hudson Bay]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Cabrillo built and owned the flagship of his venture (three ships), and stood to profit from any trade or treasure.<ref>Linder, Bruce, ''San Salvador: Cabrillo's Galleon of Discovery,'' Maritime Museum of San Diego, 2011, p. 51.</ref>
[[File:Cabrillo National Monument (Loki30) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Cabrillo National Monument]] at [[Point Loma, San Diego|Point Loma]] in [[San Diego]], California. It was donated to the state of California in 1939 by the Portuguese government.]]
In 1540, the fleet sailed from [[Acajutla]], [[El Salvador]], and reached [[Barra de Navidad, Jalisco|Navidad, Mexico]] on Christmas Day. While in Mexico, [[Pedro de Alvarado]] went to the assistance of the town of [[Nochistlán]], which was under siege by hostile natives, and was killed when his horse fell on him, crushing his chest. Following Alvarado's death, the viceroy took possession of Alvarado's fleet. Part of the fleet was sent off to the [[Spanish East Indies]] under [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] and three of the ships were sent north under the command of Cabrillo.

On June 27, 1542, Cabrillo set out from Navidad with three ships: the 200-ton [[galleon]] and flagship ''[[San Salvador (Cabrillo's ship)|San Salvador]]'', the smaller ''La Victoria'' (c. 100 tons), and the [[lateen]]-rigged, twenty-six oared "fragata" or "bergantin" ''San Miguel''.<ref>Kelsey (1986), p. 123.</ref> On August 1, Cabrillo anchored within sight of [[Cedros Island]]. Before the end of the month they had passed Baja Point (named "Cabo del Engaño" by de Ulloa in 1539) and entered "uncharted waters, where no Spanish ships had been before".<ref>Kelsey (1986), pp. 131–133.</ref> On September 28, he landed in what is now [[San Diego Bay]] and named it "San Miguel".<ref>Kelsey (1986), p. 143.</ref> 
A little over a week later he reached [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]] (October 7), which he named "San Salvador", after his flagship.<ref>Kelsey (1986), pp. 144, 150. Catalina was also called "Capitana", "Juan Rodriquez", or "La Posesión".</ref> On sending a boat to the island "a great crowd of armed Indians appeared" – whom, however, they later "befriended". Nearby [[San Clemente Island]] was named "Victoria", in honor of the third ship of the fleet. The next morning, October 8, Cabrillo came to [[San Pedro Bay (California)|San Pedro Bay]], which was named "Baya de los Fumos" (English: Smoke Bay). The following day they anchored overnight in [[Santa Monica Bay]]. Going up the coast Cabrillo saw [[Anacapa Island]], which they learned from the Indigenous People was uninhabited.{{cn|date=September 2022}} 
[[File:Cabrillo gravestone replica.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Replica of Cabrillo's tombstone at the [[Maritime Museum of San Diego]].]]
The fleet spent the next week in the islands, mostly anchored in Cuyler Harbor, a bay on the northeastern coast of [[San Miguel Island]]. On October 18 the expedition saw [[Point Conception]], which they named "Cabo de Galera".
Cabrillo's expedition recorded the names of numerous [[Chumash people|Chumash]] villages on the California coast and adjacent islands in October 1542 – then located in the two warring provinces of ''Xexo'' (ruled by an "old woman", now [[Santa Barbara County, California]]) and ''Xucu'' (now [[Ventura County, California]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

On November 13 they sighted and named "Cabo de Pinos" (possibly either [[Point Pinos]] or [[Point Reyes]]), but missed the entrance to [[San Francisco Bay]], a lapse that mariners would repeat for the next two centuries and more, most likely because its entrance is frequently shrouded by fog. The expedition may have reached as far north as the [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]] or even the Columbia before autumn storms forced them to turn back. Because of the vagueness of his description, it is uncertain which northern river the expedition sighted. Coming back down the coast, Cabrillo entered [[Monterey Bay]], naming it "Bahia de Los Pinos".<ref>Kelsey (1986), pp. 145–155.</ref>

On November 23, 1542, the little fleet arrived back in "San Salvador" (Santa Catalina Island) to overwinter and make repairs. There, around Christmas Eve, Cabrillo stepped out of his boat and splintered his shin when he stumbled onto a jagged rock while trying to rescue some of his men from attacking [[Tongva]] warriors. The injury became infected and developed [[gangrene]], and he died on January 3, 1543, and was buried. A possible headstone was later found on San Miguel Island. His second-in-command brought the remainder of the party back to Navidad, where they arrived April 14, 1543.<ref>Kelsey (1986), pp. 159, 161.</ref>

A notary's official report of Cabrillo's expedition was lost; all that survives is a summary of it made by another investigator, [[Andrés de Urdaneta]], who also had access to ships' logs and charts.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/2000/january/cabrillo-2/ |title=Book review: An Account of the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo |first=Stephen A. |last=Colston |journal=The Journal of San Diego History |volume=46 |issue=1 |date=Winter 2000 |access-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> No printed account of Cabrillo's voyage appeared before historian Antonio de Herrera's account early in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Guns of San Diego |chapter=Exploration and Settlement 1535–1846 (Endnotes) |year=1991 |first=Erwin N. |last=Thompson |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/cabr/hrs1n.htm |access-date=September 26, 2020 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>