Editing Jonathan Edwards (theologian) (section)

===Great Awakening===
{{Calvinism}}
On July 8, 1731,{{Sfn|Marsden|2003|p=140}} Edwards preached in Boston the "Public Lecture," afterwards published under the title "God Glorified in the Work of Redemption, by the Greatness of Man's Dependence upon Him, in the Whole of It," which was his first public attack on [[Arminianism]]. The emphasis of the lecture was on God's absolute sovereignty in the work of salvation: while it behooved God to create man pure and without sin, it was of his "good pleasure" and "mere and arbitrary grace" for him to grant any person the faith necessary to incline him or her toward holiness, and that God might deny this grace without any disparagement to any of his character. In 1733, a spiritual revival began in Northampton and reached such an intensity in the winter of 1734<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bass |first=Diana Butler |title=Christianity After Religion: The End of Church and the Birth of a New Spiritual Awakening |publisher=[[HarperOne]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-06-200373-7 |editor-last=Bass |editor-first=Diana Butler |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=253 |author-link=Diana Butler Bass}}</ref> and the following spring that it threatened the business of the town. In six months, nearly 300 of 1,100 youths were admitted to the church.{{Sfn |Gardiner|Webster |1911 |p=3}}<ref name=":0" />

The revival gave Edwards an opportunity to study the process of conversion in all its phases and varieties, and he recorded his observations with psychological minuteness and discrimination in ''[[A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton]]'' (1737). A year later, he published ''Discourses on Various Important Subjects'', the five sermons which had proved most effective in the revival. Of these, none was so immediately effective as that on [[The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners|''The'' ''Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners'']], from the text, "That every mouth may be stopped." Another sermon, published in 1734, ''A Divine and Supernatural Light, Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God'', set forth what he regarded as the inner, moving principle of the revival, the doctrine of a special grace in the immediate, and supernatural divine illumination of the soul.{{Sfn|Marsden|2003|p=|pp=156{{en dash}}157}}{{Sfn |Gardiner|Webster |1911 |p=3}}

By 1735, the revival had spread and appeared independently across the [[Connecticut River]] Valley and perhaps as far as New Jersey. However, criticism of the revival began, and many New Englanders feared that Edwards had led his flock into fanaticism.{{Sfn|Marsden|2003|p=|pp=161{{en dash}}162}}

Over the summer of 1735, religious fervor took a dark turn. Many New Englanders were affected by the revivals but not converted and became convinced of their inexorable damnation. Edwards wrote that "multitudes" felt urged{{snd}}presumably by Satan{{snd}}to take their own lives.{{Sfn |Marsden|2003| p = 168}} At least two people committed suicide in the depths of their [[spiritual distress]], one from Edwards's own congregation{{snd}}his uncle Joseph Hawley II. It is not known if any others took their own lives, but the "suicide craze"{{Sfn|Marsden|2003|p=|pp=168, 541}} effectively ended the first wave of revival, except in some parts of Connecticut.{{Sfn|Marsden|2003|p=|pp=163–169}}

Despite these setbacks and the cooling of religious fervor, word of the Northampton revival and Edwards's leadership role had spread as far as England and Scotland. It was at this time that Edwards became acquainted with [[George Whitefield]], who was traveling the [[Thirteen Colonies]] on a revival tour in 1739–40. The two men may not have seen eye to eye on every detail. Whitefield was far more comfortable with the strongly emotional elements of revival than Edwards was, but they were both passionate about preaching the Gospel. They worked together to orchestrate Whitefield's trip, first through Boston and then to Northampton. When Whitefield preached at Edwards's church in Northampton, he reminded them of the revival they had undergone just a few years before.{{Sfn|Marsden|2003|pp=206–212}} This deeply touched Edwards, who wept throughout the entire service, and much of the congregation too was moved.<ref>[https://www.nhinet.org/ccs/docs/awaken.htm National Humanities Institute website, ''Jonathan Edwards: On the Great Awakening'' (1998)]</ref>

[[File:JE Sinners in the Hands Monument.jpg|thumb|left|Monument in [[Enfield, Connecticut]] commemorating the location where ''[[Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God]]'' was preached. The monument is on the grounds of [[Enfield Montessori School]].]] Revivals began to spring up again, and Edwards preached his most famous sermon, ''[[Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God]]'', in [[Enfield, Connecticut]], in 1741. Though this sermon has been widely reprinted as an example of "[[fire and brimstone]]" preaching in the colonial revivals, that characterization is not in keeping with descriptions of Edward's actual preaching style. Edwards did not shout or speak loudly, but talked in a quiet, emotive voice. He moved his audience slowly from point to point, towards an inexorable conclusion: they were lost without the grace of God. While most 21st-century readers notice the damnation looming in such a sermon text, historian [[George Marsden]] reminds us that Edwards was not preaching anything new or surprising: "Edwards could take for granted... that a New England audience knew well the Gospel remedy. The problem was getting them to seek it.".{{Sfn |Marsden|2003| p = 224}}

The movement met with opposition from conservative [[Congregational church|Congregationalist]] ministers. In 1741, Edwards published in the defense of revivals ''The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God'', dealing particularly with the phenomena most criticized: the swoonings, outcries, and convulsions. These "bodily effects," he insisted, were not distinguishing marks of the work of the Spirit of God one way or another. So bitter was the feeling against the revival in some churches that in 1742 he felt moved to write a second apology, ''Thoughts on the Revival in New England,'' where his main argument concerned the great moral improvement of the country. In the same pamphlet he defends an appeal to the emotions and advocates preaching terror when necessary, even to children, who in God's sight "are young vipers... if not Christ's."{{Sfn |Gardiner|Webster |1911 |p=3}}

He considered "bodily effects" incidental to the real work of God. But his own mystic devotion and the experiences of his wife during the Awakening (which he recounts in detail) make him think that the divine visitation usually overpowers the body, a view in support of which he quotes Scripture. In reply to Edwards, [[Charles Chauncy (1705–1787)|Charles Chauncy]] wrote ''Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England'' in 1743 and anonymously penned ''The Late Religious Commotions in New England Considered'' in the same year. In these works, he urged conduct as the sole test of conversion. The general convention of Congregational ministers in the Province of Massachusetts Bay seemed to agree, protesting "against disorders in practice which have of late obtained in various parts of the land." In spite of Edwards's able pamphlet, the impression had become widespread that "bodily effects" were recognized by the promoters of the Great Awakening as the true tests of conversion.{{Sfn |Gardiner|Webster |1911 |p=4}}

To offset this feeling, during the years 1742 and 1743, Edwards preached at Northampton a series of sermons published under the title of ''[[Religious Affections]]'' (1746), a restatement in a more philosophical and general tone of his ideas as to "distinguishing marks." In 1747, he joined the movement started in Scotland called the "concert in prayer," and in the same year published ''An Humble Attempt to Promote Explicit Agreement and Visible Union of God's People in Extraordinary Prayer for the Revival of Religion and the Advancement of Christ's Kingdom on Earth''. In 1749, he published a memoir of [[David Brainerd]], who had lived with his family for several months and had died at Northampton in 1747. Brainerd had been constantly attended by Edwards's daughter Jerusha, to whom he was rumored to have been engaged to be married,{{Sfn |Gardiner|Webster |1911 |p=4}} though there is no surviving evidence of this. In the course of elaborating his theories of conversion, Edwards used David Brainerd and his ministry as a case study,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509706 | jstor=1509706 | title=The Melancholy Saint: Jonathan Edwards's Interpretation of David Brainerd as a Model of Evangelical Spirituality | last1=Weddle | first1=David L. | journal=The Harvard Theological Review | date=1988 | volume=81 | issue=3 | pages=297–318 | doi=10.1017/S0017816000010117 }}</ref> making extensive notes of his conversions and confessions.

[[File:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards 1741.jpg|thumb|right|{{citation | title = Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, A Sermon Preached at Enfield | date = July 8, 1741 | first = Rev. Jonathan | last = Edwards }}]]