Editing Johns Hopkins University (section)

===19th century===
{{Further|Daniel Coit Gilman|Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins University Press}}
[[File:Daniel Coit Gilman1.jpg|thumb|[[Daniel Coit Gilman]], the first president of Johns Hopkins University]]
[[File:Hopkins Hall, 1885.jpg|thumb|Hopkins Hall on the original [[Downtown Baltimore]] campus, {{Circa|1885}}]]
[[File:Johns Hopkins Hospital, early photo.jpg|thumb|[[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], {{c.|1880s–1890s}}]]
The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents, [[Charles William Eliot]] of [[Harvard University]], [[Andrew Dickson White|Andrew D. White]] of [[Cornell University]], [[Noah Porter]] of [[Yale College]], and [[James Burrill Angell|James B. Angell]] of [[University of Michigan]]. They each supported [[Daniel Coit Gilman]] to lead the new university and he became the university's first president.<ref name="PH">{{Cite book|title = Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874–1889|last = Hawkins|first = Hugh|publisher = Cornell University Press|year = 1960 |oclc = 876490592|location = Ithaca, NY|page = 15|isbn = 978-0-8108-5818-3}}</ref> Gilman, a [[Yale University|Yale]]-educated scholar, had been serving as president of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] prior to this appointment.<ref name="PH" /> In preparation for the university's founding, [[Daniel Coit Gilman]] visited [[University of Freiburg]] and other German universities.

Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://krieger.jhu.edu/about/mission/|title = School History and Mission|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424024857/http://krieger.jhu.edu/about/mission/|archive-date = April 24, 2015}}</ref> To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known researchers including the mathematician [[James Joseph Sylvester]]; the biologist [[H. Newell Martin]]; the physicist [[Henry Augustus Rowland]], the first president of the [[American Physical Society]], the [[classical scholars]] [[Basil Gildersleeve]], and Charles D. Morris;<ref name="university"/> the economist [[Richard T. Ely]]; and the chemist [[Ira Remsen]], who became the second president of the university in 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2000/sep1100/11remsen.html|title = Ira Remsen: The Chemistry Was Right|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = The Johns Hopkins Gazette Online|last = Stimpert|first = James|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150317084254/http://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2000/sep1100/11remsen.html|archive-date = March 17, 2015}}</ref>

Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became the national trendsetter in [[PhD|doctoral]] programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/gilman-daniel-coit/|title = Gilman, Daniel Coit|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = The Social Welfare History Project| date=January 20, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095457/http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/gilman-daniel-coit/|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref> The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], founded in 1878, is the oldest American [[university press]] in continuous operation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/about-university-presses/history-of-university-presses|title = History of University Presses|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = AAUP|last = Givler|first = Peter|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150313212628/http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/about-university-presses/history-of-university-presses|archive-date = March 13, 2015}}</ref>

With the completion of [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in 1889 and the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|medical school]] in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including [[William Osler]], [[William Halsted]], [[Howard Atwood Kelly|Howard Kelly]], and [[William H. Welch|William Welch]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html|title = The Four Founding Physicians|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = Hopkins Medicine|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150310220741/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html|archive-date = March 10, 2015 |last1=Molnar |first1=Heather}}</ref> During this period the university further made history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a [[Bachelor's degree]], based on the efforts of [[Mary Garrett|Mary E. Garrett]], who had endowed the school at Gilman's request.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/garrett/biography.htm#suffrage|title = A Biological Sketch of Mary Elizabeth Garrett|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = JHMI Medical Archives|publisher = The Alan Masan Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institution|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221123915/http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/garrett/biography.htm#suffrage|archive-date = February 21, 2015}}</ref> The [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|school of medicine]] was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training.

In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, "build men, not buildings."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Founded by Friends: The Quaker Heritage of Fifteen American Colleges and Universities|last = Oliver| first = John W. Jr. |publisher = Scarecrow Press|year = 2007|location = Plymouth|page = 135}}</ref> In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore, delaying plans to site the university in Clifton.<ref name="HC" />