Editing John Lilburne (section)

==English Civil War==
{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2022}}
In the [[English Civil War#First English Civil War (1642–1646)|First English Civil War]] he enlisted as a captain in Lord Brooke's regiment of foot in the Parliamentary army commanded by the [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]] and fought at the [[Battle of Edgehill]]. He was a member of the Parliament's garrison at [[Brentford]] against [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] during the [[Battle of Brentford (1642)|Battle of Brentford]] that took place on 12 November 1642 as the Royalists advanced on London and, after trying to escape by jumping in the Thames, was taken as a prisoner to [[Oxford]]. The Royalists planned to try Lilburne, as the first prominent [[Roundhead]] captured in the war, for high treason. But when Parliament threatened to execute Royalist prisoners in reprisal (see the [[Declaration of Lex Talionis]]), Lilburne was exchanged for a Royalist officer.

He then joined the [[Eastern Association]] under the command of the [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester|Earl of Manchester]] as a volunteer at the siege of Lincoln, and on 7 October 1643 he was commissioned as a major in Colonel King's regiment of foot. On 16 May 1644 he was transferred to Manchester's own dragoons with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.{{sfn|Firth|1893|p=244}}

He became friends with [[Oliver Cromwell]], who was second in command, supporting him in his disputes with Manchester. He fought with distinction at the [[Battle of Marston Moor]] in 1644. Shortly afterwards he asked permission to attack the Royalist stronghold at [[Tickhill Castle]], because he had heard it was willing to surrender. Manchester refused, dismissing him as a madman. Taking that as a yes, he went and took the castle without a shot being fired.

In April 1645, Lilburne resigned from the army, because he refused to sign the Presbyterian [[Solemn League and Covenant]], on the grounds that the covenant deprived those who might swear it, namely members of the parliamentary army, of freedom of religion. Lilburne argued that he had been fighting for this liberty among others. This was effectively a treaty between [[England]] and [[Scotland]] for the preservation of the reformed religion in Scotland, the reformation of religion in England and Ireland "according to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches", and the "extirpation of [[popery]] [and] [[prelacy]]". The Scots, he maintained, were free to believe as they saw fit, but not to bind anyone to the same faith if they did not share it.

The historian [[C. H. Firth]] argued Lilburne had gained a great reputation for courage and seems to have been a good officer, but his military career was unlucky. He spent about six months in prison at Oxford, was plundered of all he had at Rupert's relief of Newark (22 March 1644), was shot through the arm at the taking of Walton Hall, near Wakefield (3 June 1644), and received very little pay. His arrears when he left the service amounted to £880.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1893|p=244}} cites Lilburne ''Innocency and Truth Justified'', pp. 25, 43, 46, 69; and ''The Resolved Man's Resolution'', p. 32.</ref> He also succeeded in quarreling, first with Colonel King and then with the Earl of Manchester, both of whom he regarded as lukewarm, incapable, and treacherous. He did his best to get King cashiered, and was one of the authors of the charge of high treason against him, which was presented to the House of Commons by some of the committee of Lincoln in August 1644.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1893|p=244}} cites Lilburne ''Innocency and Truth'', p. 43; Lilburne ''England's Birthright 1645'', p. 17, Lilburne ''The Just Man's Justification''.</ref> The dispute with Manchester was due to Lilburne's summoning and capturing Tickhill Castle against Manchester's orders, and Lilburne was one of Cromwell's witnesses in his charge against Manchester.<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1893|p=244}} cites ''Cal. State Papers'', Dom. 1644–1645, p. 146; Lilburne ''England's Birthright'', p. 17; Lilburne''Legal Fundamental Liberties'', p. 30.</ref>