Editing John Dewey (section)

=== Career ===
[[File:John Dewey in 1902.jpg|thumb|upright|John Dewey at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1902]]
After two years as a high-school teacher in [[Oil City, Pennsylvania]], and one year as an elementary school teacher in the small town of [[Charlotte, Vermont]], Dewey decided that he was unsuited for teaching primary or secondary school. After studying with [[George Sylvester Morris]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce]], [[Herbert Baxter Adams]], and [[G. Stanley Hall]], Dewey received his [[Ph.D.]] from the School of Arts & Sciences at [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1884. His unpublished and now lost dissertation (criticizing [[Immanuel Kant]] from an [[idealist]] position) was titled "The Psychology of Kant". In the same year, he accepted a faculty position at the [[University of Michigan]] (1884–88 and 1889–94) with the help of George Sylvester Morris.

In 1894, Dewey joined the newly founded [[University of Chicago]] (1894–1904) where he developed his belief in Rational [[Empiricism]], becoming associated with the newly emerging Pragmatic philosophy. His time at the University of Chicago resulted in four essays collectively entitled ''Thought and its Subject-Matter'', which was published with collected works from his colleagues at Chicago under the collective title ''Studies in Logical Theory'' (1904).

During that time, Dewey also initiated the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]], where he was able to actualize the pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, ''[[The School and Society]]'' (1899). Disagreements with the administration ultimately caused his resignation from the university, and soon thereafter he relocated near the East Coast. In 1899, Dewey was elected president of the [[American Psychological Association]] (A.P.A.). From 1904 until his retirement in 1930 he was professor of philosophy at [[Teachers College]] at Columbia University and influenced [[Carl Rogers]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.library.tc.columbia.edu/b/24244-Today-In-History-John-Dewey-Was-Born | title=Today in History: John Dewey Was Born – Jennifer Govan  – EdLab | date=20 October 2021 | access-date=April 26, 2022 | archive-date=January 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030744/https://blog.library.tc.columbia.edu/b/24244-Today-In-History-John-Dewey-Was-Born | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirschenbaum |first=Howard |date=Winter 2004 |title=Carl Rogers's Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/219027027 |journal=Journal of Counseling and Development |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=116–124 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00293.x |id={{ProQuest|219027027}}  |access-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006222255/https://www.proquest.com/docview/219027027 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1905, he became president of the [[American Philosophical Association]]. He was a longtime member of the [[American Federation of Teachers]]. Along with the historians [[Charles A. Beard]] and [[James Harvey Robinson]], and the economist [[Thorstein Veblen]], Dewey is one of the founders of [[The New School]].

Dewey published more than 700 articles in 140 journals and approximately 40 books. His most significant writings were "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896), a critique of a standard psychological concept and the basis of all his further work; ''[[Democracy and Education]]'' (1916), his celebrated work on progressive education; ''Human Nature and Conduct'' (1922), a study of the function of habit in human behavior;<ref>{{cite book |author=John Dewey|title= Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology |publisher=Henry Holt & Company |url= https://archive.org/details/humannatureandco011182mbp|year=1922 |access-date= February 2, 2018 |via= Internet Archive}}</ref> ''[[The Public and its Problems]]'' (1927), a defense of democracy written in response to [[Walter Lippmann]]'s ''[[The Phantom Public]]'' (1925); ''[[Experience and Nature]]'' (1925), Dewey's most "metaphysical" statement; ''Impressions of Soviet Russia and the Revolutionary World'' (1929), a glowing travelogue from the nascent [[USSR]].<ref>John Dewey (1929), [http://ariwatch.com/VS/JD/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm ''Impressions of Soviet Russia and the Revolutionary World''] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523160815/http://ariwatch.com/VS/JD/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm |date=May 23, 2016 }}, ''The New Republic''. Also at [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169066 Internet Archive]</ref>

''[[Art as Experience]]'' (1934), was Dewey's major work on aesthetics; ''[[A Common Faith]]'' (1934), a humanistic study of religion originally delivered as the [[Dwight H. Terry Lectureship]] at Yale; ''Logic: The Theory of Inquiry'' (1938), a statement of Dewey's unusual conception of logic; ''[[Freedom and Culture]]'' (1939), a political work examining the roots of fascism; and ''[[Knowing and the Known]]'' (1949), a book written in conjunction with [[Arthur F. Bentley]] that systematically outlines the concept of trans-action, which is central to his other works (see [[Transactionalism]]).

While each of these works focuses on one particular philosophical theme, Dewey included his major themes in ''Experience and Nature''. However, dissatisfied with the response to the first (1925) edition, for the second (1929) edition he rewrote the first chapter and added a Preface in which he stated that the book presented what was later called a new (Kuhnian) paradigm:&nbsp;''<nowiki/>'I have not striven in this volume for a reconciliation between the new and the old' [E&N:4]'' <ref>This refers to the Boydston edition</ref>''.'' and he asserts Kuhnian incommensurability:

''<nowiki/>'To many the associating of the two words ['experience' and 'nature'] will seem like talking of a round square' but 'I know of no route by which dialectical argument can answer such objections. They arise from association with words and cannot be dealt with argumentatively'.'' The following can be interpreted now as describing a Kuhnian conversion process: ''<nowiki/>'One can only hope in the course of the whole discussion to disclose the [new] meanings which are attached to "experience" and "nature," and thus insensibly produce, if one is fortunate, a change in the significations previously attached to them' [all E&N:10].''<ref>Barry E. Duff, "Dewey's 'Experience And Nature' – A Tale Of Two Paradigms" ''Pragmatism Today'' 7.1 (2016): 70.&nbsp;Dewey was never at peace with ''Experience and Nature'' and in 1949 attempted a new introduction for a new edition (E&N: Appendix 1, 329f) but did not complete it. In 1951 he returned to it saying "Were I to write (or rewrite) ''Experience and Nature'' today I would entitle the book ''Culture and Nature" (E&N:361)''. However, in the following paragraphs he criticises this idea.</ref>

Reflecting his immense influence on 20th-century thought, [[Hilda Neatby]] wrote "Dewey has been to our age what [[Aristotle]] was to the [[Late Middle Ages|later Middle Ages]], not a philosopher, but ''the'' philosopher."<ref>Hilda M. Neatby, ''So Little for the Mind'' (Toronto: Clarke Irwin & Co. Ltd., 1953), pp. 22–23.</ref>