Editing Joan of Arc (section)

==Early life==
[[File:Contemporaine afb jeanne d arc.png|thumb|upright|Earliest extant representation of Joan of Arc;{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/240 240–241]}} drawing by Clément de Fauquembergue (May 1429, French National Archives){{efn|Fauquembergue's doodle on the margin of a Parliament's register is the only known contemporary representation of Joan. It is an [[artist's impression]] depicting her with long hair and a dress rather than with her hair cut short and in armor.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/31 31] |Maddox|2012|2p =[{{Google Books|id=rETxD8KcnUIC|pg=PA442|plainurl=yes}} 442]}}}}|alt=Joan in dress facing left in profile, holding banner in her right hand and sheathed sword in her left.]]

In her youth, Joan did household chores, spun wool, helped her father in the fields and looked after their animals. Her mother provided Joan's religious education.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/21 21]}} Much of Domrémy lay in the [[Duchy of Bar]],{{sfn|Lowell|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n29 15]}} whose precise feudal status was unclear;{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/89 89]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n29 15–16]|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/24 24–25]}} though surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands, its people were loyal to the Armagnac cause.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/171 171]}} By 1419, the war had affected the area,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 20]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n35/ 21–22]}} and in 1425, Domrémy was attacked and cattle were stolen.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 20]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/266 266]}} This led to a sentiment among villagers that the English must be expelled from France to achieve peace. Joan had her first vision after this raid.{{sfn|Lowell|1896|pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n41 28–29]}}

Joan later testified that when she was thirteen, {{Circa|1425|lk=no}}, a figure she identified as [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] surrounded by angels appeared to her in the garden.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/34 34–35]|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/53 53–54]|Taylor|2009|3pp=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT26|plainurl=yes}} 26]–[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT27|plainurl=yes}} 27]}} After this vision, she said she wept because she wanted them to take her with them.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/22 22]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/113 113]}} Throughout her life, she had visions of St. Michael,{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/113 113]|2a1=Sackville-West|2y=1936|2p=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/58 58]|3a1=Sullivan|3y=1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/88 88]}} a patron saint of the Domrémy area who was seen as a defender of France.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/26 26]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/18 18]|Warner|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/132 132]}} She stated that she had these visions frequently and that she often had them when the church bells were rung.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/26 26]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/18 18]}} Her visions also included St. Margaret and St. Catherine; although Joan never specified, they were probably [[Margaret the Virgin|Margaret of Antioch]] and [[Catherine of Alexandria]]—those most known in the area.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/113 113]|2a1=Sullivan|2y=1996|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/88 88–89]}} Both were known as [[virginity#Christianity|virgin]] saints who strove against powerful enemies, were tortured and [[martyr|martyred]] for their beliefs, and preserved their virtue to the death.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/26 26]|Dworkin|1987|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/115 115–117]|Sullivan|1996|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/102 102–104]}} Joan testified that she swore a vow of virginity to these voices.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/24 24]|Dworkin|1987|2p=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/107 107]}} When a young man from her village alleged that she had broken a promise of marriage, Joan stated that she had made him no promises,{{sfn|Warner|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/25 25–26]}} and his case was dismissed by an ecclesiastical court.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/33 33]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/119 119]|3a1=Lowell|3y=1896|3p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n47 24]|4a1=Warner|4y=1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/14 14]}}

During Joan's youth, a prophecy circulating in the French countryside, based on the visions of {{ill|Marie Robine of Avignon|fr|Marie Robine}}, promised an armed virgin would come forth to save France.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/64 64]|Taylor|2009|2p=[{{Google book|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT34|plainurl=yes}} 34]|Warner|1981|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/25 25–26]}} Another prophecy, attributed to [[Merlin]], stated that a virgin carrying a banner would put an end to France's suffering.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/60 60]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/7 7]|Taylor|2006|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/19 19]|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/26 26]}} Joan implied she was this promised maiden, reminding the people around her that there was a saying that France would be destroyed by a woman but would be restored by a virgin.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/40]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/9 9]| Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/44 44]}}{{efn|The woman in this saying is assumed to refer to Isabeau of Bavaria,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/31 31]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/6 6]|Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/44 44]}} but this is uncertain.{{sfnm|Adams|2010|1pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlnwD9UTCZYC&pg=PA47 47–49]|Fraioli|2000|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/58 58]}}}} In May 1428,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/17 17]}} she asked her uncle to take her to the nearby town of [[Vaucouleurs]], where she petitioned the garrison commander, [[Robert de Baudricourt]], for an armed escort to the Armagnac court at [[Chinon]]. Baudricourt harshly refused and sent her home.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/40 40–41]|Harrison|2014|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/56 56–57]}} In July, Domrémy was raided by Burgundian forces{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n47 33–34]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/16 16–17]}} which set fire to the town, destroyed the crops, and forced Joan, her family and the other townspeople to flee.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/103 103]|Richey|2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/26 26]}} She returned to Vaucouleurs in January 1429. Her petition was refused again,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/34 34]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/18 18]}} but by this time she had gained the support of two of Baudricourt's soldiers, [[Jean de Metz]] and [[Bertrand de Poulengy]].{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/56 56],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/5668 68]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n56 42–43]|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/88 88–90]}} Meanwhile, she was summoned to [[Nancy, France|Nancy]] under safe conduct by [[Charles II, Duke of Lorraine]], who had heard about Joan during her stay at Vaucouleurs. The duke was ill and thought she might have supernatural powers that could cure him. She offered no cures, but reprimanded him for living with his mistress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/36 36]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/18 18–19]}}

Henry V's brothers, [[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford]], and [[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]], had continued the English conquest of France.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/27 27–28]}} Most of northern France, Paris, and parts of southwestern France were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The Burgundians controlled [[Reims]], the traditional site for the coronation of French kings; Charles had not yet been [[Coronation#Middle Ages|crowned]], and doing so at Reims would help legitimize his claim to the throne.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/76 67]|Vale|1974|2p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/56 56]}} In July 1428, the English had started to surround Orléans and had nearly isolated it from the rest of Charles's territory by capturing many of the smaller bridge towns on the [[Loire]] River.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/97 97–98]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/29 29]}} Orléans was strategically important as the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of Charles's territory.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/29 29]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/10 10]}} According to Joan's later testimony, it was around this period that her visions told her to leave Domrémy to help the Dauphin Charles.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/30 30]|Goldstone|2012|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/maidqueensecreth0000gold/page/99 99–100]|Sackville-West|1936|3p=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/70 70]}} 

Baudricourt agreed to a third meeting with Joan in February 1429, around the time the English captured an Armagnac relief convoy at the [[Battle of the Herrings]] during the [[Siege of Orléans]]. Their conversations,{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n61 47]|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/96 96–97]}} along with Metz and Poulengy's support,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/89 89]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/36 36]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/20 20]}} convinced Baudricourt to allow her to go to Chinon for an audience with the Dauphin. Joan traveled with an escort of six soldiers.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/36 36]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n62 48]}} Before leaving, Joan put on men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/35 35]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/32 32–33]|Warner|1981|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/143 143–144]}} which were provided by her escorts and the people of Vaucouleurs.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n61 47]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/33 33]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/19 19–20]}} She continued to wear men's clothes for the remainder of her life.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 298]}}