Editing Jo Cals (section)

===Politics===
In 1945 Cals became leader of the [[Catholic People's Party]] in the municipal council of [[Nijmegen]] until 1946. He was elected to the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] in 1948. From 15 March 1950 to 2 September 1952 he was [[State Secretary (Netherlands)|State Secretary]] for [[Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)|Education, Arts and Sciences]], serving from 15 March 1950 until 2 September 1952 in the [[Drees-Van Schaik cabinet|Drees-Van Schaik]] and [[First Drees cabinet|Drees I]] cabinets. He became [[Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)|Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences]] serving from 2 September 1952 until 24 July 1963 in the cabinets [[Second Drees cabinet|Drees II]] and [[Third Drees cabinet|III]], [[Second Beel cabinet|Beel II]] and [[De Quay cabinet|De Quay]], he helped pass the ''[[Mammoetwet]]'', a law that transformed secondary education. In the debate, he spoke for 6 hours and 50 minutes, setting a record. In 1963, however, he returned to the House of Representatives. Alongside his duties there, he was a member of the board of governors of the [[University of Groningen]], chairman of the Arts Council and a member of the Press Council.

In the aftermath of the collapse of the [[Marijnen cabinet]], Cals became [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] on 14 April 1965. After two decades of economic growth, his cabinet experienced a slight [[recession]]. Plans to build sports halls, roads and houses had to be tempered. In [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] the coal mines were closed and plans were drawn to educate and re-employ the former miners. There was also social unrest ('the sixties'), which became apparent in the [[Provo (movement)|Provo]] movement, construction worker protests, riots over the marriage of princess [[Beatrix]] in Amsterdam and the rise of new parties like [[Farmers' Party (Netherlands)|Farmers' Party]] (BP), [[Pacifist Socialist Party]] (PSP), [[Reformed Political League]] (GPV) and the [[Democrats 66]] (D'66). Especially the last party wanted to change the political order<!-- politiek bestel -->.

On 14 October 1966, [[Norbert Schmelzer]], the leader of the [[Catholic People's Party]] and chair of its parliamentary group in the House of Representatives, tabled a motion that was interpreted as a [[motion of no confidence]] against the government and Prime Minister Cals. A shocking and surprised action in [[Politics of the Netherlands|Dutch politics]], later known as the [[Night of Schmelzer]], it marked the first time that a motion of no confidence was tabled against a government by a member of a government party.{{cn|date=July 2024}} The cabinet resigned the next day.